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Dietary strategies to reduce metabolic syndrome

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Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities characterized by central obesity, dyslipidemias, hypertension, high fasting glucose, chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress. This condition has become an increasing problem in our society where about 34 % of adults are diagnosed with MetS. In parallel with the adult situation, a significant number of children present lipid abnormalities and insulin resistance, which can be used as markers of MetS in the pediatric population. Changes in lifestyle including healthy dietary regimens and increased physical activity should be the first lines of therapy to decrease MetS. In this article, we present the most recent information on successful dietary modifications that can reduce the parameters associated with MetS. Successful dietary strategies include energy restriction and weight loss, manipulation of dietary macronutrients—either through restriction of carbohydrates, fat, or enrichment in beneficial fatty acids, incorporation of functional foods and bioactive nutrients, and adherence to dietary and lifestyle patterns such the Mediterranean diet and diet/exercise regimens. Together, the recent findings presented in this review serve as evidence to support the therapeutic treatment of MetS through diet.

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Abbreviations

ALA:

α-linoleic acid

Apo:

Apolipoprotein

CHD:

Coronary heart disease

CRD:

Carbohydrate-restricted diet

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

DHA:

Docosahexanoic acid

EPA:

Eicosapentanoic acid

FFA:

Free fatty acids

GPX:

Glutathione peroxidase

HDL-C:

HDL-cholesterol

HOMA:

Homeostatic model assessment

IL:

Interleukin

Keap1:

Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1

LDL-C:

LDL-cholesterol

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

MetS:

Metabolic syndrome

MUFA:

Monounsaturated fatty acid

NAFLD:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

NFE2L2:

Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor κ B

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

PYY:

Peptide tyrosine tyrosine

RESMENA:

Metabolic Syndrome Reduction in Navarra dietary pattern

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SFA:

Saturated fatty acid

sICAM-1:

Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

TG:

Triglyceride

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor α

TXNRD1:

Thioredoxin reductase 1

WC:

Waist circumference

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Catherine Andersen and Maria Luz Fernandez have no conflict of interests in the data presented in this review.

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Andersen, C.J., Fernandez, M.L. Dietary strategies to reduce metabolic syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 14, 241–254 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-013-9251-y

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