References
Aigner TG, Mishkin M (1986) Effects of physostigmine and scopolamine on recognition memory in monkeys. Behav Neural Biol 45:51–87
Aigner TG, Mishkin M (1988) Improved recognition memory in monkeys following naloxone administration. Psychopharmacology 94:21–23
Altman HJ, Stone WS, Ogren SO (1987) Evidence for a possible functional interaction between serotonergic and cholinergic mechanisms in memory retrieval. Behav Neural Biol 48:49–62
Arnsten AFT, Goldman-Rakic PS (1985) α2-adrenergic mechanisms in prefrontal cortex associated with cognitive decline in aged nonhuman primates. Science 230:1273–1276
Arnsten AFT, Cai JX, Goldman-Rakic PS (1988) The alpha-2 adrenergic agonist guanfacine improves memory in aged monkeys without sedative or hypotensive side effects: evidence for alpha-2 receptor subtypes. J Neurosci 8:4287–4298
Bammer G (1982) Pharmacological investigations of neurotransmitter involvement in passive avoidance responding: a review and some new results. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 6:247–296
Baratti CM, Huygens P, Mino J, Merlo A, Gardella J (1979) Memory facilitation with posttrial injection of oxotremorine and physostigmine in mice. Psychopharmacology 64:85–88
Barnes JM, Costall B, Coughlan J, Domeney AM, Gerrard PA, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ, Onaivi ES, Tomkins DM, Tyers MB (1990) The effects of ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, on cognition in rodents and primates. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35:955–962
Barrett RJ, Leith NJ, Ray OS (1972) Permanent facilitation of avoidance behavior byd-amphetamine and scopolamine. Psychopharmacology 25:321–331
Bartus RT (1979) Physostigmine and recent memory: effects in young and aged nonhuman primates. Science 206:1087–1089
Bartus RT, Dean RL (1988a) Lack of efficacy of clonidine on memory in aged cebus monkeys. Neurobiol Aging 9:409–411
Bartus RT, Dean RL (1988b) Tetrahydroaminoacridine, 3,4-diaminopyridine and physostigmine: direct comparison of effects on memory in aged primates. Neurobiol Aging 9:351–356
Bartus RT, Dean RL, Flicker C, Beer B (1983) Behavioral and pharmacological studies using animal models of aging: implications for studying and treating dementia of Alzheimer type. In: Banbury Report 1515: Biological aspects of Alzheimer's disease. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, pp 207–218
Beatty WW, Bierley RA (1985) Scopolamine degrades spatial working memory but spares spatial reference memory: dissimilarity of anticholinergic effect and restriction of distal visual cues. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 23:1–6
Beckwith BE, Tinius TP, Miller DH (1987) Arginine vasopressin facilitates reversal and impairs retention of a brightness discrimination in albino rats. Psychobiology 15:329–335
Beckwith BE, Petros TV, Couk DI, Tinius TP (1990) The effects of vasopressin on memory in healthy young adult volunteers. Ann NY Acad Sci 579:215–226
Bergado JA, Krug M, Rüthrich H, and Matthis H (1988) Orotate improves memory and enhances synaptic-long term potentiation in active avoidance behavior in rats with perforant path stimulation as the conditioned stimulus. Eur J Pharmacol 157:155–163
Berntson GG, Walker JM (1977) Effect of opiate blockade on pain sensitivity in the rat. Brain Res Bull 2:157–159
Braszko JJ, Wlasienko J, Kupryszewski G, Witczuk B, Wisniewski K (1988) Behavioral effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin II-(4–8)-pentapeptide in rats. Physiol Behav 44:327–332
Breen RA, McGaugh JL (1961) Facilitation of maze learning with posttrial injections of picrotoxin. J Comp Physiol Psychol 54:498–501
Brioni JD, McGaugh JL (1988) Post-training administration of GABAergic antagonists enhances retention of aversively motivated tasks. Psychopharmacology 96:505–510
Bunsey M, Strupp BJ (1990) A vasopressin metabolite produces qualitatively different effects on memory retrieval depending on the accessibility of the memory. Behav Neural Biol 53:346–355
Buresova O, Bures J, Bohdanecki Z, Weiss T (1964) Effect of atropine on learning, extinction, retention and retrieval in rats. Psychopharmacology 5:255–263
Butelman ER (1990) The effect of NMDA antagonists in the radial arm maze task with an interposed delay. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35:533–536
Calhoun WH, Smith AA, Bauer R (1970) Scopolamine's effects on passive avoidance. Psychon Sci 21:165–166
Canli T, Cook RG, Miczek KA (1990) Opiate antagonists enhance the working memory of rats in the radial maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 36:521–525
Carew RJ (1970) Do passive avoidance tasks permit assessment of retrograde amnesia in rats? J Comp Physiol Psychol 72:267–271
Carey RJ (1987) Post-trial hormonal treatment effects: memory modulation or perceptual distortion. J Neurosci Methods 22:27–30
Cheal ML (1981) Scopolamine disrupts maintenance of attention rather than memory processes. Behav Neural Biol 33:163–187
Chrobak JJ, Stackman RW, Walsh TJ (1989) Intraseptal administration of muscimol produces dose-dependent memory impairments in the rat. Behav Neural Biol 52:357–369
Cruz-Morales SE, Diaz del Guante MA, Prado-Alcala RA (1990) Switching-off of the cholinergic system in memory. Psychopharmacology 101 [suppl]:34 (abstract)
Crystal HA, Grober E, Masur D (1989) Preservation of musical memory in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52:1415–1416
Da Cunha C, Huang CH, Walz R, Dias M, Koya R, Bianchin M, Pereira ME, Izquierdo I, Median J (1991) Memory facilitation by post-training intraperitoneal, intracerebroventricular and intra-amygdala injection of Ro 5-4864. Brain Res 544:133–136
Davis RE, Callahan MJ, Downs DA (1988) Clonidine disrupts aged-monkey delayed response performance. Drug Dev Res 12:279–286
Dean RL, Bartus RT (1988) Behavioral models of aging in nonhuman primates. In: Iversen LL, Iversen SD, Snyder SH (eds) Handbook of psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology of the aging nervous system, vol 20. Plenum Press, New York, pp 325–392
Decker MW, Introini-Collison IB, McGaugh JL (1989) Effects of naloxone on Morris water maze learning in the rat: enhanced acquisition with pretraining but not posttraining administration. Psychobiology 17:270–275
Deyo RA, Straube KT, Disterhoft JF (1989) Nimodipine facilitates associate learning in aging rabbits. Science 243:809–811
Domeney AM, Costall B, Gerrard PA, Jones DNC, Naylor RJ, Tyers MB (1990) Modification of object discrimination reversal learning in the marmoset by 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Psychopharmacology 101 [suppl]:S16
Dudchenko P, Sarter M (1991) Behavioral microanalysis of spatial delayed alternation performance: rehearsal through overt behavior, and effects of scopolamine and chlordiazepoxide Psychopharmacology 107:263–270
Dunne MP, Hartley LR (1986) Scopolamine and the control of attention in humans. Psychopharmacology 89:94–97
Dunnett SB, Martel FL (1990) Proactive interference and shortterm memory in rats: I. Basic parameters and drug effects. Behav Neurosci 104:655–665
Dunnett SB, Wishaw IQ, Jones GH, Bunch ST (1987) Behavioural, biochemical and histochemical effects of different neurotoxic amino acids injected into nucleus basalis magnocellularis of rats. Neuroscience 20:653–669
Dunnett SB, Rogers DC, Jones GH (1989) Effects of nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions in rats on delayed matching and non-matching to position tasks. Eur J Neurosci 1:395–406
Elrod K, Buccafusco J (1988) An evaluation of the mechanism of scopolamine-induced impairment in two passive avoidance protocols. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 29:15–21
Elrod K, Buccafusco JJ, Jackson WJ (1988) Nicotine enhances delayed matching-to-sample performance in primates. Life Sci 43:277–287
Evangelistica AM, Izquierdo I (1971) The effect of pre- and posttrial amphetamine injections on avoidance responses of rats. Psychopharmacology 20:42–47
Evangelistica AM, Izquierdo I (1972) Effects of atropine on avoidance conditioning: Interaction with nicotine and comparison with N-methyl atropine. Psychopharmacology 27:241–248
Falkner B, Koffler S, Lowenthal D (1984) Effects of antihypertensive drugs on cognitive function in adolescents. Pediatr Pharmacol 4:239–244
Feigley DA, Spear NE (1970) Effect of age and punishment condition on long term retention by the rat of active and passive avoidance learning. J Comp Physiol Psychol 73:515–526
Fitten LJ, Perryman KM, Hanna JA, Menon MK (1990) Effect of BMY 21502 on acquisition of shape discrimination and memory retention in monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35:553–536
Flood JF, Cherkin A (1986) Scopolamine effects on memory retention in mice: a model for dementia? Behav Neural Biol 45:169–184
Flood JF, Morley JE (1988) Effects of bombesin and gastrin-releasing peptide on memory processing. Brain Res 460:314–322
Flood JF, Smith GE, Cherkin A (1984) Memory retention test performance in mice: improvement by chronic oral cholinergic drug treatment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 21:169–173
Flood JF, Smith GE, Cherkin A (1985) Memory enhancement: supra-additive effect of subcutaneous cholinergic drug combinations in mice. Psychopharmacology 86:61–67
Flood JF, Hernandez EN, Morley JE (1987a) Modulation of memory processing by neuropeptide Y. Brain Res 421:280–290
Flood JF, Cherkin A, Morley JE (1987b) Antagonism of endogenous opioids modulates memory processing. Brain Res 422:218–234
Flood JF, Morley JE, Tatemoto K (1988a) Effects of systemic pancreastatin on memory retention. Peptides 9:1077–1080
Flood JF, Smith GE, Cherkin A (1988b) Memory enhancement in mice: role of drug dose and training-testing interval. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 29:635–639
Flood JF, Smith GE, Cherkin A (1988c) Two-drug combinations of memory enhancers: Effect of dose ratio upon potency and therapeutic window, in mice. Life Sci 42:2145–2154
Flood JF, Smith GE, Roberts E (1988d) Dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate enhance memory retention in mice. Brain Res 447:269–278
Flood JF, Baker ML, Hernandez EN, Morley JE (1989) Modulation of memory processing by neuropeptide Y varies with brain injection site. Brain Res 503:73–82
Flood JF, Baker ML, Davis JL (1990a) Modulation of memory processing by glutamic acid receptor agonists and antagonists. Brain Res 521:197–202
Flood JF, Baker ML, Hernandez EN, Morley JE (1990b) Modulation of memory retention by neuropeptide K. Brain Res 520:284–290
Forster MJ, Popper MD, Paul SK, Lal H, Retz KC (1987) Memory for discriminated escape learning: pharmacological enhancement and disruption. Drug Dev Res 11:97–106
Gallagher M, Rapp PR, Fanelli RJ (1985a) Opiate antagonist facilitation of time-dependent memory processes: dependence upon intact norepinephrine function. Brain Res 347:284–290
Gallagher M, Bostock E, King R (1985b) Effects of opiate antagonists on spatial memory in young and aged rats. Behav Neural Biol 44:374–385
Gold PE (1986) The use of avoidance training in studies of modulation of memory storage. Behav Neural Biol 46:87–98
Gold PE, van Buskirk RB (1975) Facilitation of time-dependent memory processes with post-trial epinephrine injections. Behav Biol 13:145–153
Gold PE, Zornetzer SF (1983) The mnemon and its juices: neuro-modulation of memory processes. Behav Neural Biol 38:151–189
Gower AJ (1987) Enhancement by secoverine and physostigmine of retention of passive avoidance response in mice. Psychopharmacology 91:326–329
Gray JA, Rawlins JNP, Hemsley DR, Smith AD (1991) The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Sci 14:1–84
Hagan JJ (1991) The status of the cholinergic hypothesis in dementia. In: Nicholson CD (ed) Anti-dementia agents — research and prospects for therapy. Academic Press, New York (in press)
Hagan JJ, Morris RGM (1988) The cholinergic hypothesis of memory: a review of animal experiments. In: Iversen LL, Iversen SD, Snyder SH (eds) Handbook of psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology of the aging nervous system, vol 20. Plenum Press, New York, pp 237–232
Handelmann GE, Nevins ME, Mueller LL, Arnolde SM, Cordi AA (1989) Milacemide, a glycine prodrug, enhances performance of learning tasks in normal and amnesic rodents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34:823–828
Haroutunian V, Barnes E, Davis KL (1985a) Cholinergic modulation of memory in rats. Psychopharmacology 87:266–271
Haroutunian V, Kanof PD, Davis K (1985b) Pharmacological alleviation of cholinergic lesion induced memory deficits in rats. Life Sci 37:945–952
Heise GA (1984) Behavioral methods for measuring effects of drugs on learning and memory in animals. Med Res Rev 4:534–558
Hine B, Paolino RM (1970) Retrograde amnesia: production of skeletal but not cardiac response gradient by electroconvulsive shock. Science 169:1224–1226
Hock FJ, McGaugh JL (1985) Enhancing effects of Hoe 175 on memory in mice. Psychopharmacology 86:114–117
Hunter WS (1913) The delayed reaction in animals and children. Behav Monogr 2:no. 1 (serial no. 6)
Introini-Collison IB, McGaugh JL (1987) Naloxone and β-endorphin alter the effects of post-training epinephrine on memory. Psychopharmacology 92:229–235
Iversen SD (1987) Is it possible to model psychotic states in animals? J Psychopharmacol 1:154–176
Izquierdo I (1986) Memory consolidation: not a useful hypothesis in the search for memory-enhancing drugs. TIPS 7:476–477
Izquierdo I (1989) Different forms of post-training memory processing. Behav Neural Biol 51:171–202
Izquierdo I, McGaugh JL (1987) Retention impairment by post-training epinephrine: role of state dependency and of endogenous opioid mechanisms. Behav Neurosci 101:778–781
Izquierdo I, Netto CA, Chaves F, Quillfeldt J, Gianlupi A, Oliveira B (1986) Role of β-endorphin and other mechanisms in the simultaneous and consecutive processing of new and old memories. In: Matthies H (ed) Learning and memory: mechanisms of information storage in the nervous system. Pergamon Press, New York, pp 357–367
Izquierdo I, Pereira ME, Medina JH (1990) Benzodiazepine receptor ligand influences on acquisition: suggestion of an endogenous modulatory mechanism mediated by benzodiazepine receptors. Behav Neural Biol 54:27–41
Kesner RP, Crutcher KA, Omana H (1990) Memory deficits following nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions may be mediated through limbic, but not neocortical, targets. Neuroscience 38:93–102
Kirk RC, White KG, McNaughton N (1988) Low dose of scopolamine affects discriminability but not rate of forgetting in delayed conditional discrimination. Psychopharmacology 96:541–546
Kish SJ, El-Awar M, Schut L, Leach L, Oscar-Berman M, Freedman M (1988a) Cognitive deficits in olivopontocerebellar atrophy: implications for the cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's dementia. Ann Neurol 24:200–206
Kish SJ, Schut L, Simmons J, Gilbert J, Chang LJ, Rebbetoy M (1988b) Brain acetylcholinesterase activity is markedly reduced in dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51:544–548
Kish SJ, Robitaille R, El-Awar M, Deck JHN, Simmons J, Schut L, Chang LJ, Distefano L, Freedman M (1989) Non-Alzheimer type patterns of brain cholineacetyltransferase reduction in dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Ann Neurol 26:362–367
Krivanek J, McGaugh JL (1968) Effects of pentylenetetrazol on memory storage in mice. Psychopharmacology 12:303–321
Kugler J, Seus R, Krauskopf R, Brecht H, Raschig A (1980) Differences in psychic performance with guanfacine and clonidine in normotensive subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 10:71S-80S
Kumar BA, Forster MJ, Lal H (1988) CGS 8216, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, enhances learning and memory in mice. Brain Res 460:195–198
Lal H, Forster MJ (1990) Flumazenil improves active avoidance performance in aging NZB/B1NJ and C57BL/6NNia mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35:747–750
Luttges MW, McGaugh JL (1967) Permanence of retrograde amnesia produced by electroconvulsive shock. Science 156:408–410
Mackintosh NJ (1985) Conditioning and associative learning. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Martinez JL (1986) Enkephalins are hormonal modulators of learning and memory. In: Matthies H (ed) Learning and memory: mechanisms of information storage in the nervous system. Pergamon Press, New York, p 373
Martinez JL, Graaf JS (1985) Quaternary naloxone enhances acquisition of a discriminated Y-maze escape and a one-way active avoidance task in mice. Psychopharmacology 87:410–413
Martinez JL, Jensen RA, McGaugh JL (1983) Facilitation of memory consolidation. In: Deutsch JA (ed) The physiological basis of memory. Academic Press, New York, pp 49–70
McCarty R, Gold PE (1981) Plasma catecholamines: effects of footshock level and hormonal modulations of memory storage. Horm Behav 15:168–182
McGaugh JL (1968) Drug facilitation of memory and learning. In: Efron DH, Cole JO, Levine J, Wittenborn JR (eds) Psychopharmacology: a review of progress 1957–1976. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp 891–904
McGaugh JL (1989) Involvement of hormonal and neuromodulatory systems in the regulation of memory storage. Annu Rev Neurosci 12:255–287
Messing RB, Sparber SB (1985) Greater task difficulty amplifies the facilitatory effect of des-glycinamide arginine vasopressin on appetitively motivated learning. Behav Neurosci 99:1114–1119
Meyers B (1965) Some effects of scopolamine on a passive avoidance response in rats. Psychopharmacology 8:111–119
Milar KS (1981) Cholinergic drug effects on visual discriminations: a signal detection analysis. Psychopharmacology 74:383–388
Mohr E, Schlegel J, Fabbrini G, Williams J, Mouradian MM, Mann UM, Claus JJ, Fedio P, Chase TN (1989) Clonidine treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 46:376–378
Monahan JB, Handelmann GE, Hood WF, Cordi AA (1989)d-Cycloserine, a positive modulator of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, enhances performance of learning tasks in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34:649–653
Mondadori C, Petschke F (1987) Do piracetam-like compounds act centrally via peripheral mechanisms? Brain Res 435:310–314
Mondadori C, Weiskrantz L, Buerki H, Petschke F, Fagg GE (1989) NMDA receptor antagonists can enhance or impair learning performance in animals. Exp Brain Res 75:449–456
Mondadori C, Bhatnagar A, Borkowski J, Häusler A (1990) Involvement of a steroidal component in the mechanisms of action of piracetam-like nootropics. Brain Res 506:101–108
Morris RGM, Anderson E, Lynch GS, Baudry M (1986) Selective impairment of learning and blockade of long-term potentiation by an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, AP5. Nature 319:774–776
Mulvey DJ, Watt JM, McEwen BB, Flannelly LM (1988) Effect of lysine-8-vasopressin on retention and retrieval of a discrimination reward task in the rat. Behav Neurosci 102:580–585
Murray CL, Fibiger HC (1986) The effect of pramiracetam (CI-879) on the acquisition of a radial arm maze task. Psychopharmacology 89:378–381
Nabeshima T, Noda Y, Tohyama K, Ithoh J, Kameyama T (1990) Effects of DM-9384 in a model of amnesia based on animals with GABAergic neuronal dysfunctions. Eur J Pharmacol 178:143–149
Nakahara N, Fujise N, Kawanishi G, Mizobe F (1990) Central muscarinic activities of an M1-selective agonist: preferential effect on reversal of amnesia. Brain Res 507:172–175
Okaichi H, Oshima Y, Jarrard LE (1989) Scopolamine impairs both working and reference memory in rats: a replication and extension. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34:599–602
Okazaki Y, Natori K, Irie T, Katsube J (1990) Effect of a novel CNS-selective cholinesterase inhibitor, SM-10888, on habituation and passive avoidance responses in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 53:211–220
Oliverio A (1968) Effects of scopolamine on avoidance conditioning and habituation of mice. Psychopharmacology 12:214–226
Oscos A, Martinez JL, McGaugh JL (1988) Effects of post-trainingd-amphetamine on acquisition of an appetitive autoshaped lever press response in rats. Psychopharmacology 95:132–134
Packard MG, White NM (1989) Memory facilitation produced by dopamine agonists: role of receptor subtype and mnemonic requirements. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 33:511–518
Packard MG, Regenold W, Quirion R, White NM (1990) Post-training injection of the acetylcholine M2 receptor antagonist AF-DX 116 improves memory. Brain Res 524:72–76
Peabody CA, Thiemann S, Pigache R, Miller TP, Berger PA, Yesavage J, Tinklenberg JR (1985) Desglycinamide-9 arginine-8-vasopressin (DGAVP, Organon 5667) in patients with dementia. Neurobiol Aging 6:95–100
Pietrowsky R, Fehm-Wolfsdorf G, Born J, Fehm HL (1989) Effects of DGAVP on verbal memory. Peptides 9:1361–1366
Randt CT, Judge ME, Bonnet KA, Quartermain D (1982) Brain cyclic AMP and memory in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 17:677–680
Rech RH (1968) Effects of cholinergic drugs on poor performance of rats in a shuttle box. Psychopharmacology 12:371–383
Riekkinen P, Sirvio J, Hannila T, Miettinen R, Riekkinen P (1990) Effects of quisqualic acid nucleus basalis lesioning on cortical EEG, passive avoidance and water maze performance. Brain Res Bull 24:839–842
Robbins TW, Everitt BJ, Marston HM, Wilkinson J, Jones GH, Page KJ (1989) Comparative effects of ibotenic acid and quisqualic acid induced lesions of the substantia innominata on attentional function in the rat: further implications for the role of the cholinergic neurons. Behav Brain Res 35:221–240
Robbins TW, Marston HM, Wilkinson LS, Everitt BJ (1990) A comparison of the effects of excitotoxic lesions to septal nuclei and the hippocampal formation on the acquisition of decision rules. Soc Neurosci Abstr 16:pt 1–605
Rupniak NMJ, Steventon MJ, Field MJ, Jennings CA, Iversen SD (1989) Comparison of the effects of four cholinomimetics agents on cognition in primates following disruption by scopolamine or by lists of objects. Psychopharmacology 99:189–195
Rupniak NMJ, Samson NA, Tye SJ, Field MJ, Iversen SD (1991) Evidence against a specific effect of cholinergic drugs on spatial memory in primates. Behav Brain Res 43:1–6
Sahakian BJ, Morris RG, Evenden JL, Heald A, Levy R, Philpot M, Robbins TW (1988) A comparative study of visuospatial memory and learning in Alzheimer-type dementia and Parkinson's disease. Brain 111:695–718
Sahgal A (1984) A critique of the vasopressin-memory hypothesis. Psychopharmacology 83:215–228
Sahgal A (1987) Contrasting effects of vasopressin, desglycinamide-vasopressin and amphetamine on delayed matching to position in rats. Psychopharmacology 93:243–249
Sahgal A, Keith AB, Lloyd S (1990) Opposing effects of vasopressin on matching versus non-matching to position: further evidence for response, not memory, modulation. Psychopharmacology 102:130–135
Sara SJ (1985) Noradrenergic modulation of selective attention: its role in memory retrieval. Ann NY Acad Sci 444:178–193
Sara SJ (1986) Haloperidol facilitates memory retrieval in the rat. Psychopharmacology 89:307–310
Sara SJ, Devauges V (1989) Idazoxan, and α-2 antagonist, facilitates memory retrieval in the rat. Behav Neural Biol 51:401–411
Sara SJ, Dewer B (1982) Memory retrieval enhanced by amphetamine after a long retention interval. Behav Neural Biol 36:146–160
Sara SJ, David-Remade M, Giurgea CC (1979) Piracetam facilitates retrieval but does not impair extinction of bar pressing in rats. Psychopharmacology 61:71–75
Sara SJ, Grecksch G, Leviel V (1984) Intra cerebral ventricular apomorphine alleviates spontaneous forgetting and increases cortical noradrenaline. Behav Brain Res 13:43–52
Sarter M (1990) Retrieval of well-learned propositional rules: insensitive to changes in activity in individual neurotransmitter systems? Psychobiology 18:451–459
Sarter M, Dudchenko P (1991) Dissociative effects of ibotenic acid and quisqualic acid-induced basal forebrain lesions on cortical AChE-positive fiber density and cytochrome oxidase activity. Neuroscience 41:729–738
Sarter M, Bruno JP, Dudchenko P (1990) Activating the damaged basal forebrain cholinergic system: tonic stimulation versus signal amplification. Psychopharmacology 101:1–17
Shannon HE, Bemis KG, Hart JC (1990) Assessment of working memory in rats using spatial alternation behavior with variable retention intervals: effects of fixed-ratio size and scopolamine. Psychopharmacology 100:491–497
Shapiro ML, Caramanos Z (1990) NMDA antagonist MK-801 impairs acquisition but not performance of spatial working and reference memory. Psychobiology 18:231–243
Snel J, Taylor J, Wegman M (1987) Does DGAVP influence memory, attention and mood in young healthy men? Psychopharmacology 92:224–228
Spear NE, Miller JS, Jagielo JA (1990) Animal memory and learning. Annu Rev Psychol 41:169–211
Spencer DG, Lal H (1983) Effects of anticholinergic drugs on learning and memory. Drug Dev Res 3:489–502
Spencer DG Jr, Pontecorvo MJ, Heise GA (1985) Central cholinergic involvement in working memory: effects of scopolamine on continuous nonmatching and discrimination performance in the rat. Behav Neurosci 99:1049–1065
Spiegel R, Devos J (1980) Central effects of guanfacine and clonidine during wakefulness and sleep in healthy subjects. Brit J Clin Pharmacol 10:165S-168S
Squire LR (1982) The neuropsychology of human memory. Annu Rev Neurosci 5:241–273
Strupp BJ, Levitsky DA (1985) A mnemonic role for vasopressin: the evidence for and against. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 9:399–411
Suits E, Isaacson RL (1968) The effects of scopolamine hydrobromide on one-way and two-way avoidance learning in rats. Int J Neuropharmacol 2:441–446
Takashima A, Itoh S (1988) Effect of V-9-M, a peptide fragment derived from procholecystokinin, on memory processes in the rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 67:228–231
Tan S, Kirk RC, Abraham WC, McNaughton N (1989) Effects of the NMDA antagonists CPP and MK-801 on delayed conditional discrimination. Psychopharmacology 98:556–560
Van Hest A, Stroet J, van Haaren F, Feenstra M (1990) Scopolamine differentially disrupts the behavior of male and female Wistar rats in delayed nonmatching to position procedure. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35:903–909
Venault P, Chapoutier G, Prado de Carvalho L, Simiand J, Morre M, Dodd RH, Rossier J (1986) Benzodiazepine impairs and β-carboline enhances performance in learning and memory tasks. Nature 321:864–866
Villiger JW, Dunn AJ (1981) Phosphodiesterase inhibitors facilitate memory for passive avoidance conditioning. Behav Neural Biol 31:354–359
Ward L, Mason SE, Abraham WC (1990) Effects of the NMDA antagonists CPP and MK-801 on radial arm maze performance in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35:785–790
Wauquier A, Clincke G, Ashton D, De Ryck M, Fransen J, Van Clemen G (1986) R 58 735: A new antihypoxic drug with anticonvulsant properties and possible effects on cognitive functions. Drug Dev Res 8:373–380
Weiskrantz L, Warrington EK (1979) Conditioning in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 17:187–194
Wenk GL, Markowska AL, Olton DS (1989) Basal forebrain lesions and memory: alterations in neurotensin, not acetylcholine, may cause amnesia. Behav Neurosci 103:765–769
Whishaw IQ (1989) Dissociating performance and learning deficits on spatial navigation tasks in rats subjected to cholinergic muscarinic blockade. Brain Res Bull 23:347–358
Wolters ECh, Riekkinen P, Lowenthal A, Van der Plaats JJ, Zwart JMT, Sennef C (1990) DGAVP (Org 5667) in early Alzheimer's disease patients: an international double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Neurology 40:1099–1101
Wolthuis OL (1981) Behavioral effects of etiracetam in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 15:247–255
Worsham E, Hamilton LW (1973) Acquisition and retention of avoidance behaviors following septal lesions and scopolamine injections in rats. Physiol Psychol 1:219–226
Zerbib R, Laborit H (1990) Chronic stress and memory: implication of the central cholinergic system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 36:897–900
Zhang S, McGaugh JL, Juler RG, Introini-Collison IB (1987) Naloxone and [Met5]enkephalin effects on retention: attenuation by adrenal denervation. Eur J Pharmacol 138:37–44
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sarter, M., Hagan, J. & Dudchenko, P. Behavioral screening for cognition enhancers: from indiscriminate to valid testing: Part II. Psychopharmacology 107, 461–473 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02245257
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02245257