Research ArticlesCompartment Model To Describe Peripheral Arterial–Venous Drug Concentration Gradients with Drug Elimination from the Venous Sampling Compartment
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Pharmacokinetics of ketamine following a short intravenous infusion to isoflurane-anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
2020, Veterinary Anaesthesia and AnalgesiaCitation Excerpt :Although venous drug concentrations are used in a majority of animal pharmacokinetic studies, arterial ketamine and norketamine concentrations were used in this study. This is because venous drug concentrations are influenced by the site of sampling, and arterial concentrations are preferred for prediction of pharmacodynamics (Chiou 1989; Jacobs & Nath 1995). Limitations of the current study include that the pharmacokinetic analyses were based on a single dose of ketamine administered as a short IV infusion and that investigation of multiple doses may have yielded different results.
Pharmacokinetics of vatinoxan in male neutered cats anesthetized with isoflurane
2020, Veterinary Anaesthesia and AnalgesiaCitation Excerpt :This homogeneity is not representative of the larger cat population and the pharmacokinetic parameters should be interpreted in this context. Venous sampling was used for logistical reasons, although arterial drug concentrations may be more useful for the prediction of drug effects (Jacobs & Nath 1995). The isoflurane concentration maintained during the study was lower than would be necessary for surgery.
Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits
2017, Veterinary Anaesthesia and AnalgesiaCitation Excerpt :Furthermore, dexmedetomidine concentrations were determined in arterial blood samples. Whereas there are likely differences in arterial and venous drug concentrations, other authors have suggested that arterial blood drug concentrations are more predictive of effect site concentrations (Chiou 1989; Jacobs & Nath 1995). Another potential limitation of this study is that it was performed in a small number of healthy female animals of a single breed.
Pharmacokinetics and selected behavioral responses to butorphanol and its metabolites in goats following intravenous and intramuscular administration
2001, Veterinary Anaesthesia and AnalgesiaCitation Excerpt :However, selected samples in this study were also subjected to HPLC with no evidence of the presence of metabolites, suggesting that the formation and subsequent detection of metabolites had little impact in this study. Another potential limitation of the sampling technique relates to venous sampling verses arterial sampling for pharmacokinetic modeling (Jacobs & Nath 1995). Traditional pharmacokinetic studies use venous samples because of the lack of invasiveness of venous sampling as opposed to arterial sampling.
Sampling site has a critical impact on physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling<sup>s</sup>
2020, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics