TABLE 3

Quantitative immunohistochemistry staining of apoptosis, DNA damage, and DNA repair markers

	Sham	Heart Failure	Clenbuterol	Metoprolol	Clen + Meto
TUNEL (%)	0.2 ± 0.1	21 ± 4.1^†	11 ± 2.6^†, ^‡	12 ± 3.6^†, ^‡	8.2 ± 1.9*, ^‡
8-OxoG (%)	0.5 ± 0.1	18 ± 3.9^†	10 ± 2.1^†, ^‡	12 ± 2.6^†, ^‡	5 ± 1.6*, ^‡, ^∥
Human MutY homolog (score)^a	0.6 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.5	2.8 ± 0.5^†, ^§	2.6 ± 0.4^†, ^§	3.2 ± 0.6^†, ^‡
8-OxoG glycosylase (%)	0.2 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.1	8.2 ± 2.2^†, ^‡	6.4 ± 1.5^†, ^§	13 ± 3.6^†, ^‡, ^∥

↵* p < 0.01 vs. Sham.
↵† p < 0.001 vs. Sham.
↵‡ p < 0.001 vs. heart failure.
↵§ p < 0.01 vs. heart failure.
↵∥ p < 0.01 vs. clenbuterol and metoprolol.
↵ a Scoring system for human MutY homolog nuclear and cytoplasmic staining: 0 = 0%; 1 = 0 to 15%; 2 = 15 to 30%; 3 = 30 to 50%; and 4 = >50% positive.