Mediator | Depolarize or Elicit Currents | Directly Release Neuropeptides | Augment Evoked Release of Neuropeptides | Mechanism |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acetylcholine | Yes | ? | ? | Nicotinic receptors |
ATP | Yes | No | Yes | P2 receptors/channels |
Bradykinin | Yes | Yes | Yes | BK receptor-activation of IP3, DAG/PKC |
Capsaicin | Yes | Yes | ? | Vanilloid-gated channels |
Cytokines | No | ? | Yes | Tyrosine kinases? |
Glutamate | Yes | ? | ? | NMDA/AMPA/kainate/metabotropic receptors |
Heat | Yes | Yes | ? | Heat-gated channels/VR1 |
Hydrogen ions | Yes | Yes | ? | ASICs/VR1 |
Nerve growth factor | No | No | Yes | TrkA receptors |
Nitric oxide | No | No | ? | cGMP/G kinases |
Prostaglandins (PGE2, PGI2) | No | No | Yes | EP, IP receptors cAMP/PKA |
Serotonin | No | ? | ? | 5-HT3receptor |
Trypsin, tryptase | Yes | Yes | ? | Proteinase-activated receptor 2 |
NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate; BK, bradykinin; AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; ASIC, acid-sensing ion channel.