Before HF | After HF | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal Control | HF Control | CNP-Treated | |||
Rest (C) | Rest (A1) | Exercise (A2) | Rest (T1) | Exercise (T2) | |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 108 ± 21 | 139 ± 15 | 172 ± 1* | 141 ± 18 | 162 ± 16* |
Maximum dP/dt (mm Hg/s) | 2647 ± 293 | 1578 ± 183**** | 2010 ± 214* | 1742 ± 179** | 2954 ± 147 *, *** |
Minimum dP/dt (mm Hg/s) | −2235 ± 174 | −1547 ± 109**** | −1911 ± 215* | −1718 ± 112** | −2427 ± 203*, *** |
Stroke Volume (ml) | 14.5 ± 1.3 | 11.5 ± 1.8**** | 12.3 ± 2.4 | 14.3 ± 1.4** | 16.8 ± 1.2 *** |
LV end-diastolic pressure (mm Hg) | 10.4 ± 2.7 | 41.2 ± 8.5**** | 55.2 ± 8.6* | 36.3 ± 5.3** | 39.2 ± 4.6 *** |
LV end-systolic pressure (mm Hg) | 109 ± 21 | 104 ± 29 | 111 ± 27 | 93 ± 21** | 105 ± 28 *, *** |
Minimum LV pressure (mm Hg) | 1.1 ± 1.5 | 23.4 ± 2.8**** | 25.2 ± 2.1 * | 17.8 ± 2.6** | 16.2 ± 2.5 *** |
Mean LA pressure (mm Hg) | 7.4 ± 1.2 | 28.1 ± 2.4**** | 31.4 ± 2.3 * | 25.3 ± 2.2** | 25.4 ± 2.6 *** |
LV end-diastolic volume (ml) | 42.0 ± 4.7 | 55.3 ± 5.1**** | 56.1. ± 5.8 | 48.9 ±5.6** | 54.5 ± 3.2 * |
LV end-systolic volume (ml) | 27.2 ± 4.2 | 42.4 ± 4.2**** | 43.2 ± 4.4 | 35.2 ± 3.3** | 36.4 ± 2.6 *** |
Maximum dV/dt (ml/s) | 197 ± 19 | 158 ± 24**** | 196 ± 27* | 204 ± 21 ** | 283 ± 25 *, *** |
Stroke work (mm Hg ⋅ ml) | 1641 ± 159 | 1043 ± 260**** | 1354 ± 215* | 1460 ± 267** | 1972 ± 221 *, *** |
Cardiac output (ml/min) | 1671 ± 210 | 1477 ± 162**** | 2063 ± 18 * | 1648 ± 143** | 2798 ± 215*, *** |
EA (mm Hg/ml) | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 11.7 ± 1.3**** | 12.1 ± 1.2 | 8.4 ± 1.4** | 7.5 ± 0.6*** |
Time constant of relaxation (ms) | 24.2 ± 1.3 | 39.3 ± 2.6**** | 42.6 ± 2.8* | 35.4 ± 2.3** | 34.2 ± 2.4*** |
dP/dt, rate of rise of LV pressure; dV/dt, peak rate of mitral flow; EA, arterial elastance; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular.
↵* P < 0.05 HF exercise (A2) versus HF rest (A1).
↵** P < 0.05 HF CNP rest (T1) versus HF control rest (A1).
↵*** P < 0.05 HF CNP exercise (T2) versus HF control exercise (A2).
↵**** P < 0.05 HF control rest (A1) versus normal control rest (C).