Classes of cell-penetrating peptides
Three classes of CPPs are presented: protein-derived, chimeric, and synthetic. In separate columns, peptides’ names, their physicochemical properties, sequences, origin, and references are given.
| Feature | Name | Sequence | Origin | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein derived | ||||
| Cationic | Penetratin | RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK-NH2 | Drosophila homeoprotein Antennapedia | (Balayssac et al., 2006) |
| Cationic | Tat | GRKKRRQRRRPPQ | HIV-1 Tat | (Green et al., 1989) |
| Amphipathic | pVEC | LLIILRRRIRKQAHAHSK | VE-cadherin | (Elmquist et al., 2001) |
| Amphipathic | VP22 peptide | NAATATRGRSAASRPTQRPRAPARSASRPRRPVQ | Herpes simplex virus envelope protein | (Elliott and O'Hare, 1997) |
| Proline-rich | Bac7 | RRIRPRPPRLPRPRPRPLPFPRPG | Bovine cathelicidin | (Sadler et al., 2002) |
| Proline-rich | Pyrrhocoricin | VDKGSYLPRPTPPRPIYNRN | Insect antimicrobial peptide | (Otvos et al., 2004) |
| Amphipathic | Crotamine | YKQCHKKGGKKGSG | Toxin present in the venom of the South American rattlesnake | (Kerkis et al., 2004) |
| Amphipathic | Melittin | GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ | Active compound of the bee venom | (Tan et al., 2012) |
| Amphipathic | Human lactoferrin | KCFQWQRNMRKVRGPPVSCIKR | Human lactoferrin | (Duchardt et al., 2009) |
| Amphipathic | bLFcin | RRWQWR | Bovine lactoferricin | (Fang et al., 2013) |
| Amphipathic | ARF(1–22) | MVRRFLVTLRIRRACGPPRVRV | ARF tumor suppressor | (Johansson et al., 2008) |
| Chimeric | ||||
| Amphipathic | MPG | GALFLGFLGAAGSTMGA | Hydrophobic domain from the fusion sequence of HIV gp41 and NLS of SV40 T-antigen | (Morris et al., 1997) |
| Amphiapthic | Pep-1 | KETWWETWWTEWSQPKKKRKV | NLS from simian virus 40 large antigen T and tryptophan-rich cluster | (Morris et al., 2001) |
| Synthetic | ||||
| Cationic | Polyarginine | Rn (n = 6–12) | Designed peptides | (Tunnemann et al., 2008) |
| Amphipathic | MAP | KLALKALKALKAALKLA | (Oehlke et al., 1998) | |
| Amphiphilic | GALA | WEAALAEALAEALAEHLAEALAEALEALAA | (Gottschalk et al., 1996) | |
| Cationic amphipatic | KALA | WEAKLAKALAKALAKHLAKALAKALKACE | (Wyman et al., 1997) | |
| YTA2 | YTAIAWVKAFIRKLRK | (Lindgren et al., 2006) | ||
| Secondary amphipatic | CADY | GLWRALWRLLRSLWRLLWRA | (Crombez et al., 2009) | |
| Amphipatic | C105Y | CSIPPEVKFNKPFVYLI | (Rhee and Davis, 2006) | |
| Amphipatic | JTS1 | GLFEALLELLESLWELLLEA | (Gottschalk et al., 1996) | |
| Amphipathic | VT5 | DPKGDPKGVTVTVTVTVTGKGDPKPD | Designed, β-sheet model peptide | (Oehlke et al., 1997) |
ARF, alternate reading frame protein; bLFcin, bovine lactoferricin; gp41, glycoprotein 41; SV40, simian virus 40.