Condition | Time | Drug | Day of Withdrawal | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | df | F | df | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | ||
POMS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tension-anxiety | 11.76** | 1 | 1.1 | 17 | M | 5.9 | 9.7 | 14.4 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 4.9 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 6.7 |
17 | B | 5.3 | 7.4 | 6.0 | 3.9 | 9.0 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 5.6 | 4.3 | 3.3 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 7.6 | 3.9 | ||||
Depression-dejection | 15.53** | 1 | 1.2 | 17 | M | 3 | 6.7 | 15.0 | 11.7 | 9.6 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 4.9 | 6.9 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 4.9 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 4.6 |
17 | B | 4.3 | 5.3 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 5.0 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 5.4 | 2.0 | ||||
Anger-hostility | 12.19** | 1 | 0.6 | 17 | M | 1.9 | 3.1 | 13.7 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 7.6 | 4.6 | 10.1 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 4.9 | 6.0 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 2.3 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 3.3 |
17 | B | 2.9 | 5.1 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 3.9 | 8.4 | 2.0 | ||||
Vigor | 7.95** | 1 | 0.09 | 17 | M | 14.9 | 14.4 | 13.1 | 13.9 | 17.4 | 16.7 | 16.6 | 17.9 | 15.9 | 16.9 | 17.0 | 18.1 | 18.3 | 18.4 | 19.1 | 19.0 | 18.1 | 17.7 | 17.4 |
17 | B | 14.1 | 16.0 | 16.1 | 16.1 | 16.3 | 15.7 | 14.6 | 15.7 | 13.3 | 16.0 | 16.3 | 14.3 | 13.4 | 15.9 | 14.1 | 12.9 | 13.7 | 16.3 | 15.7 | ||||
Fatigue | 8.67** | 1 | 0.7 | 17 | M | 4 | 7.6 | 12.3 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 4.6 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 4.1 |
17 | B | 5.4 | 4.9 | 4.1 | 2.9 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 2.9 | ||||
Confusion-bewilderment | 6.04** | 1 | 0.92 | 17 | M | 5.4 | 6.4 | 9.6 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.0 |
17 | B | 4.7 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 3.6 | 5.7 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 6.6 | 3.1 | ||||
Total mood disturbance | 7.54** | 1 | 0.84 | 17 | M | 6.4 | 24.6 | 54.6 | 36.9 | 33.9 | 16.9 | 12.6 | 15.9 | 14.4 | 12.3 | 7.4 | 13.1 | 7.4 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 4.1 | 9.9 | 6.9 | 7.0 |
17 | B | 11.6 | 16.3 | 8.6 | 0.9 | 15.3 | 5.9 | 6.3 | 0.7 | 8.1 | 3.7 | 0.4 | 5.1 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 5.1 | 7.0 | 8.9 | 20.9 | 3.6 | ||||
VAS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
High | 6.07* | 1 | 1.06 | 17 | M | 16.6 | 5.9 | 11.9 | 4.6 | 14.6 | 15 | 22 | 15 | 11.3 | 16.9 | 4.6 | 7.4 | 15.4 | 11.7 | 3.3 | 0.6 | 11.9 | 9.9 | 1.1 |
B | 57.7 | 50.4 | 42.4 | 34.7 | 23.1 | 12.9 | 11.4 | 11 | 11.4 | 11.6 | 20.6 | 12.1 | 11.4 | 12 | 11.4 | 8.6 | 10.1 | 2 | 2.6 | |||||
Liking | 0.03 | 1 | 1.57 | 17 | M | 16.9 | 37.6 | 24.3 | 19.6 | 34.7 | 21.7 | 20.9 | 22 | 17 | 26.4 | 10.3 | 7.9 | 7.1 | 0.9 | 7.4 | 0.6 | 4.1 | 5.4 | 2.6 |
B | 33.7 | 29 | 31 | 23.9 | 16.4 | 15.3 | 13.3 | 12 | 16.3 | 16.3 | 19.3 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 9.6 | 9 | 7.1 | 12.4 | 1.9 | 6.6 | |||||
Drug effects | 1.29 | 1 | 1.59 | 17 | M | 15.3 | 33.3 | 32.9 | 19.6 | 29.4 | 14.1 | 17.1 | 18.9 | 14.7 | 18.7 | 4.9 | 17.6 | 16 | 10.4 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 12.6 | 9.6 | 0.9 |
B | 57.9 | 50.6 | 35 | 35.3 | 22.9 | 14.6 | 13.3 | 11.6 | 14.6 | 13.4 | 20.9 | 15.7 | 17.3 | 24.6 | 16.7 | 7.6 | 10.7 | 9.9 | 2.7 | |||||
Good effects | 3.25 | 1 | 1.75* | 17 | M | 14.7 | 19.6 | 26.6 | 20 | 31 | 19 | 20.7 | 18.7 | 14.3 | 21.1 | 5 | 14.9 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 9.1 | 2 |
B | 47.4 | 47.9 | 44.2 | 34 | 24.7 | 13.3 | 10.9 | 11.7 | 13.4 | 14.7 | 22 | 12.9 | 15.9 | 18 | 9.7 | 7.3 | 11.4 | 1.6 | 4 | |||||
Bad effects | 3.22 | 1 | 2.34** | 17 | M | 19.3 | 46.7 | 30.4 | 20.1 | 20.1 | 16.4 | 15.3 | 14.6 | 2.0 | 27.6 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 15.0 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 0.6 |
17 | B | 27.4 | 19.7 | 29.4 | 15.9 | 14.6 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 7.0 | 9.4 | 3.7 | 10.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 3.9 | 0.4 | ||||
Sick | 8.69** | 1 | 2.49** | 17 | M | 14.7 | 56.9 | 34.4 | 15.4 | 18.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 0.3 | 13.7 | 6.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 4.7 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.1 |
17 | B | 14.9 | 14.0 | 18.0 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 3.6 | 0.7 | 4.0 | 7.3 | 5.1 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 0.3 | ||||
Pain | 8.25** | 1 | 0.96 | 17 | M | 6.1 | 29.3 | 51.6 | 33.1 | 29.9 | 20.1 | 20.3 | 11.9 | 6.7 | 17.0 | 13.4 | 4.1 | 11.7 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 15.6 | 3.1 | 7.7 | 5.9 |
17 | B | 2 | 6.3 | 13.3 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 11.4 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 13.6 | 8.6 | 6.3 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 12.7 | 7.9 | 12.9 | 11.6 | 6.7 | 9.4 | ||||
Vital signs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
SBP | 3.93* | 1 | 0.55 | 17 | M | 138 | 142 | 148 | 146 | 139 | 139 | 135 | 139 | 139 | 136 | 135 | 134 | 133 | 132 | 131 | 133 | 130 | 131 | 132 |
17 | B | 135 | 135 | 135 | 135 | 135 | 137 | 132 | 133 | 133 | 128 | 133 | 133 | 131 | 136 | 135 | 129 | 134 | 137 | 139 | ||||
DBP | 16.18** | 1 | 0.4 | 17 | M | 80 | 85 | 91 | 89 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 83 | 87 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 |
17 | B | 83 | 83 | 85 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 78 | 79 | 83 | 80 | 80 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 85 | 84 | ||||
HR | 36.41** | 1 | 0.5 | 17 | M | 84 | 91 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 102 | 96 | 96 | 98 | 96 | 94 | 99 | 99 | 96 | 101 | 96 | 99 | 97 | 93 |
17 | B | 84 | 85 | 87 | 86 | 83 | 86 | 89 | 87 | 87 | 91 | 90 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 91 | 93 | 94 | 96 | ||||
RR | 23.68** | 1 | 2.74** | 17 | M | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 21 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
17 | B | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 17 | ||||
Psychomotor/cognitive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Digit recall | 0.84 | 1 | 0.19 | 17 | M | 41.4 | 31.4 | 31.4 | 21.4 | 34.3 | 48.3 | 32.9 | 34.3 | 44.3 | 44.3 | 37.1 | 42.9 | 34.3 | 48.6 | 34.3 | 42.9 | 52.9 | 38.3 | 35 |
17 | B | 33.3 | 28.6 | 31.4 | 34.3 | 32.9 | 32.9 | 30 | 28.6 | 42.9 | 35.7 | 38.6 | 32.9 | 38.6 | 30 | 40 | 38.6 | 40 | 47.1 | 42.9 | ||||
DSST | 16.99** | 1 | 0.24 | 17 | M | 94 | 89 | 88 | 92 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 96 | 98 | 91 | 97 | 95 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 96 | 90 | 94 |
17 | B | 79 | 77 | 79 | 82 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 74 | 82 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 78 | 86 | 70 | 95 | 78 | 92 | 77 | ||||
Trails A | 10.73** | 1 | 0.55 | 17 | M | 51.2 | 51 | 50.3 | 56.8 | 44.2 | 49.7 | 39.3 | 42.1 | 46.2 | 41.8 | 43.4 | 39.2 | 41.1 | 37.2 | 37.2 | 39.9 | 42.4 | 37.1 | 41.8 |
17 | B | 59.5 | 52.3 | 53.5 | 46.7 | 44.5 | 55.9 | 52.8 | 57.6 | 48.5 | 45.7 | 47.4 | 53.7 | 65.6 | 48.1 | 42 | 45.5 | 47.6 | 45.7 | 48 | ||||
Trails B | 5.06* | 1 | 0.94 | 17 | M | 74.2 | 89.2 | 63.4 | 88.6 | 53.6 | 66.4 | 54.9 | 57 | 65.9 | 58.5 | 55.7 | 49 | 52.7 | 53.1 | 49.2 | 50.2 | 49.8 | 52 | 57.1 |
17 | B | 89.7 | 99.2 | 73.2 | 65.9 | 72.1 | 63.8 | 123.7 | 69.2 | 68.5 | 71.2 | 58.2 | 67.6 | 71.7 | 56.6 | 50.9 | 75 | 58.7 | 64.2 | 65.2 | ||||
Circular lights | 12.26** | 1 | 2.30** | 17 | M | 66.3 | 68.7 | 64.4 | 67 | 71 | 70 | 72 | 76.1 | 73.9 | 77.6 | 78.4 | 76 | 75.7 | 74.3 | 78 | 78.3 | 78.9 | 75.6 | 79 |
B | 66 | 65.7 | 68.3 | 66.9 | 67.4 | 66 | 69.5 | 70.6 | 71.3 | 76.3 | 71.4 | 71.1 | 72.1 | 73.7 | 78 | 75.4 | 73.1 | 76.4 | 76 |
↵* P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. Values in boldface represent P < 0.05 when comparing M vs. B on a given day of withdrawal. Two-factor ANOVA was performed for withdrawal condition and for time (day of withdrawal). Day 0 of withdrawal was the last day of active drug administration. None of the outcomes in this table reached statistical significance (P < 0.05) on tests of condition-×-time interaction, with the exception of high VAS. VAS range 0–100; Digit recall = percent trials correct; Trails A/B = time in seconds to complete task (shorter is better); Circular lights = number responses correct during circular lights task. B, buprenorphine; DBP, diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg); DSST, digit symbol substitution task (percent trials correct); HR, heart rate (beats per minute); M, morphine; RR, respiratory rate (breaths per minute); SBP, systolic blood pressure (mm Hg).