NTS | LC | PBN | DRN | Hip | BLA | CeA | BNST | NAc | ST | Fr | Cg | SN | VTA | PP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VNS | + | + | + | ++ | + | + | 0 | ++ | ++ | 0 | + | + | 0 | 0 | + |
SERT | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | + | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 |
DMI | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hip, hippocampus; ST, striatum; Fr, frontal cortex; Cg, cingulate cortex; PP, peripeduncular nucleus.
+, significant increases in ΔFosB staining; ++, increase induced by VNS is significantly more than those of antidepressants; 0, no significant changes.