TABLE 1

Physicochemical properties of β-blockers used in the current study

Log D values estimated in this study using a mixture of β-blockers as well as those reported with individual β-blockers in the literature have been included in the table. There is a good correlation between the values estimated using both approaches (R ² = 0.982).

β-Blocker	Mol. Wt. (Free Base)	pK_a	Log P	Log D (Literature Values; Assessed Using Individual β-Blockers)	Log D (Estimated in This Study; Assessed Using β-Blocker Mixture)	% Ionized at pH 7.4
Sotalol	272	9.65^{^a}	−0.62^{^a}	−1.25^{^a}	−1.21	99.44
Atenolol	266	9.32^{^a}	0.16^{^a}	−1.52^{^a}	−1.41	98.80
Nadolol	309	9.39^{^a}	0.93^{^a}	−0.82^{^a}	−1.06	98.98
Pindolol	248.3	10.27^{^b}	1.75^{^b}	−0.07^{^c}	−0.10	99.87
Timolol	316.4	9.81^{^b}	1.83^{^b}	0.34^{^a}	0.35	99.61
Metoprolol	267.4	9.63^{^b}	1.88^{^b}	0.28^{^a}	0.20	99.41
Betaxolol	307.4	9.62^{^b}	2.81^{^b}	1.59^{^c}	0.96	99.40
Propranolol	259.5	9.61^{^b}	3.48^{^b}	1.67^{^a}	1.37	99.38

↵a From Schoenwald et al. (1983).
↵b From Wiczling et al. (2006).
↵c From Pitkanen et al. (2005).