NAD-related metabolites and their relationship to disease states in humans
Metabolite | Nutritional or Pharmacologic Condition | Disease | Associated Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nicotinamide | High dose (25-50 mg kg-1) | Diabetes | Protection of islets | Knip et al., 2000; Gale et al., 2004 |
| Nicotinamide | High dose | Cardiac disease and stroke | Protection of tissues | Virag and Szabo, 2002 |
| Nicotinamide | High dose | Fetal ischemia | Neuroprotection | Ieraci and Herrera, 2006 |
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | Feng et al., 2007 | |||
| Nicotinamide riboside | No proven use | Bacterial infection (Hemophilus influenzae) | Precursor for Bacterial NAD+ | Belenky et al., 2007 |
| Nicotinic acid | High-dose (Fast release or slow release 1-20 g day-1) | Hypercholesterolemia | Reduced lipids (low density lipoproteins, fatty acids and cholesterol) | Capuzzi et al., 2000; Carlson, 2004 |
| Kamanna and Kashyap, 2000 | ||||
| Increased HDL | ||||
| Reduced mortality | ||||
| Reduced cardiac incidents | ||||
| Tryptophan | Nutritional supplement | Niacin deficiency | Restoration of NAD+ levels in tissues | Fukuwatari et al., 2004 |
| NAD+ | No proven use | Stroke | Depletion of NAD+ | Hassa et al., 2006 |
| Cardiac ischemia | Cell and Tissue Death | Virag and Szabo, 2002 | ||
| Vitamin B3 (all forms and tryptophan) | Nutritional deficiency | Pellagra or B3 deficiency | Low NAD+ levels | Belenky et al., 2007 |
| Dermititis | Revollo et al., 2007 | |||
| Dementia | ||||
| Diarrhea | ||||
| Vitamin B3 (all forms and tryptophan) | Nutritional deficiency | Cancer (in B3 deficiency) | UV sensitivity | Kirkland, 2003 |
| DNA damage sensitivity | ||||
| Mutations | ||||
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| Carcinogenesis |
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