TABLE 1

Effects of berberine in the energy charge and ATP/ADP ratio in K1735-M2 mouse melanoma cells

FCCP, a mitochondrial uncoupler, was added as a positive control. Energy charge was calculated as ([ATP] + 0.5 [ADP])/([ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP]). Data are means ± S.E.M. of at least four different preparations.

	Control	Berberine					FCCP (10 μM)
	Control		10 μM	25 μM	50 μM	100 μM	FCCP (10 μM)
Energy charge
24 h	0.41 ± 0.03	0.33 ± 0.03	0.30 ± 0.03	0.27 ± 0.05*	0.23 ± 0.04*	0.25 ± 0.03*
48 h	0.50 ± 0.04	0.40 ± 0.04	0.33 ± 0.03*	0.27 ± 0.04*	0.25 ± 0.04*	0.28 ± 0.03*
72 h	0.52 ± 0.06	0.27 ± 0.04*	0.23 ± 0.03*	0.22 ± 0.04*	0.25 ± 0.03*	0.30 ± 0.04*
ATP/ADP
24 h	1.43 ± 0.26	0.88 ± 0.13*	0.76 ± 0.10*	0.63 ± 0.04*	0.64 ± 0.07*	0.80 ± 0.06*
48 h	1.50 ± 0.15	1.28 ± 0.11	1.11 ± 0.12	0.96 ± 0.04*	0.93 ± 0.13*	1.18 ± 0.10
72 h	1.58 ± 0.18	1.41 ± 0.14	0.98 ± 0.13	1.27 ± 0.28	1.16 ± 0.15	1.03 ± 0.22

↵* p < 0.05 vs. control for each time of incubation.