Region | Control | Oxycodone | Oxycodone plus Quinine | Quinine | Morphine (1 mg/kg) | Morphine | Buprenorphine (3 mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cervical cord | 1.41 ± 0.30 | 1.56 ± 0.23 | 1.82 ± 0.21 | 1.52 ± 0.27 | 1.63 ± 0.20 | 1.97 ± 0.13 | 0.27 ± 0.03*** |
Olfactory tubercles | 1.89 ± 0.36 | 2.05 ± 0.25 | 2.33 ± 0.32 | 1.98 ± 0.16 | 2.06 ± 0.33 | 2.48 ± 0.25 | 0.23 ± 0.03*** |
Prefrontal cortex | 2.45 ± 0.40 | 2.70 ± 0.22 | 3.06 ± 0.43 | 2.45 ± 0.30 | 2.66 ± 0.35 | 3.28 ± 0.19†† | 0.23 ± 0.02*** |
Thalamus | 3.16 ± 0.49 | 3.60 ± 0.59 | 4.38 ± 0.36††† | 3.42 ± 0.21 | 3.73 ± 0.44 | 4.33 ± 0.27††† | 0.24 ± 0.02*** |
Hypothalamus | 2.67 ± 0.40 | 2.89 ± 0.37 | 3.56 ± 0.49† | 2.75 ± 0.35 | 3.08 ± 0.37 | 3.49 ± 0.35†† | 0.26 ± 0.06*** |
Anterior cingulate cortex | 2.42 ± 0.56 | 2.69 ± 0.29 | 3.10 ± 0.46 | 2.48 ± 0.38 | 2.78 ± 0.43 | 3.33 ± 0.13††† | 0.22 ± 0.03*** |
Somatosensory cortex | 1.87 ± 0.33 | 2.16 ± 0.27 | 2.48 ± 0.23 | 1.97 ± 0.20 | 2.16 ± 0.32 | 2.67 ± 0.10†† | 0.21 ± 0.02*** |
Striatum | 2.63 ± 0.46 | 3.28 ± 0.46 | 3.64 ± 0.41†† | 2.77 ± 0.29 | 3.29 ± 0.43 | 3.97 ± 0.32††† | 0.27 ± 0.04*** |
Amygdala with piriform cortex | 2.25 ± 0.30 | 2.34 ± 0.30 | 2.60 ± 0.45 | 2.27 ± 0.38 | 2.38 ± 0.33 | 2.84 ± 0.18 | 0.24 ± 0.04*** |
Hippocampus | 1.68 ± 0.20 | 1.82 ± 0.13 | 2.03 ± 0.30 | 1.65 ± 0.29 | 1.80 ± 0.28 | 2.22 ± 0.13 | 0.20 ± 0.02*** |
Visual with temporal cortex | 1.89 ± 0.25 | 2.06 ± 0.16 | 2.34 ± 0.26 | 2.00 ± 0.16 | 2.09 ± 0.33 | 2.53 ± 0.18† | 0.22 ± 0.02*** |
Inferior colliculi | 3.99 ± 0.66 | 4.61 ± 0.56 | 5.51 ± 0.61††† | 4.18 ± 0.62 | 4.71 ± 0.49† | 5.81 ± 0.45††† | 0.27 ± 0.03*** |
Superior colliculi | 3.20 ± 0.45 | 3.53 ± 0.28 | 4.07 ± 0.73† | 3.28 ± 0.28 | 3.61 ± 0.38 | 4.33 ± 0.22††† | 0.21 ± 0.02*** |
Periaqueductal gray | 2.83 ± 0.75 | 2.91 ± 0.34 | 3.47 ± 0.60 | 2.75 ± 0.50 | 2.93 ± 0.28 | 3.47 ± 0.52 | 0.23 ± 0.03*** |
Medulla with pons | 1.65 ± 0.25 | 1.82 ± 0.12 | 2.13 ± 0.34 | 1.86 ± 0.17 | 1.91 ± 0.27 | 2.34 ± 0.17†† | 0.22 ± 0.02*** |
Cerebellum | 0.18 ± 0.04 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.20 ± 0.04 | 0.20 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.02 |
Plasma | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.02 |