RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Synthetic Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists Induce High-Density Lipoprotein-Mediated Transhepatic Cholesterol Efflux in Mice and Monkeys and Prevent Atherosclerosis in Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Transgenic Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (−/−) Mice
JF Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
JO J Pharmacol Exp Ther
FD American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
SP 556
OP 567
DO 10.1124/jpet.112.196519
VO 343
IS 3
A1 Hambruch, Eva
A1 Miyazaki-Anzai, Shinobu
A1 Hahn, Ulrike
A1 Matysik, Silke
A1 Boettcher, Alfred
A1 Perović-Ottstadt, Sanja
A1 Schlüter, Thomas
A1 Kinzel, Olaf
A1 Krol, Helen Desiree
A1 Deuschle, Ulrich
A1 Burnet, Michael
A1 Levi, Moshe
A1 Schmitz, Gerd
A1 Miyazaki, Makoto
A1 Kremoser, Claus
YR 2012
UL http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/343/3/556.abstract
AB Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid-activated nuclear hormone receptor, plays an important role in the regulation of cholesterol and more specifically high-density lipoprotein (HDL) homeostasis. Activation of FXR is reported to lead to both pro- and anti-atherosclerotic effects. In the present study we analyzed the impact of different FXR agonists on cholesterol homeostasis, plasma lipoprotein profiles, and transhepatic cholesterol efflux in C57BL/6J mice and cynomolgus monkeys and atherosclerosis development in cholesteryl ester transfer protein transgenic (CETPtg) low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) (−/−) mice. In C57BL/6J mice on a high-fat diet the synthetic FXR agonists isopropyl 3-(3,4-difluorobenzoyl)-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydroazepino[4,5-b]indole-5-carboxylate (FXR-450) and 4-[2-[2-chloro-4-[[5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4-isoxazolyl]methoxy]phenyl]cyclopropyl]benzoic acid (PX20606) demonstrated potent plasma cholesterol-lowering activity that affected all lipoprotein species, whereas 3-[2-[2-chloro-4-[[3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-(1-methylethyl)-4-isoxazolyl]methoxy]phenyl]ethenyl]benzoic acid (GW4064) and 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA) showed only limited effects. In FXR wild-type mice, but not FXR(−/−) mice, the more efficacious FXR agonists increased fecal cholesterol excretion and reduced intestinal cholesterol (re)uptake. In CETPtg-LDLR(−/−) mice PX20606 potently lowered total cholesterol and, despite the observed HDL cholesterol (HDLc) reduction, caused a highly significant decrease in atherosclerotic plaque size. In normolipidemic cynomolgus monkeys PX20606 and 6-ECDCA both reduced total cholesterol, and PX20606 specifically lowered HDL2c but not HDL3c or apolipoprotein A1. That pharmacological FXR activation specifically affects this cholesterol-rich HDL2 subclass is a new and highly interesting finding and sheds new light on FXR-dependent HDLc lowering, which has been perceived as a major limitation for the clinical development of FXR agonists.