RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Adenosine and Selective A2A Receptor Agonists Reduce Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury of Rat Liver Mainly by Inhibiting Leukocyte Activation JF Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics JO J Pharmacol Exp Ther FD American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics SP 1034 OP 1042 VO 294 IS 3 A1 Naoaki Harada A1 Kenji Okajima A1 Kazunori Murakami A1 Sadaharu Usune A1 Chiemi Sato A1 Koichi Ohshima A1 Takeshi Katsuragi YR 2000 UL http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/294/3/1034.abstract AB To examine whether adenosine reduces ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced liver injury by inhibiting leukocyte activation via A2receptor (A2R) stimulation, we investigated the effects of adenosine and selective A2A receptor (A2AR) agonists (YT-146 and CGS21680C) on I/R-induced liver injury in rats. Adenosine, YT-146, and CGS21680C, in the concentration of 10−7 to 10−5 M, significantly inhibited neutrophil elastase release by about 30 to 40% and increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in isolated neutrophils stimulated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) in vitro. Adenosine, YT-146, and CGS21680C, in the concentration of 10−7 to 10−5 M, significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production by monocytes stimulated with endotoxin by about 50%. Although ZM241385, a selective A2AR antagonist, significantly enhanced the increase in neutrophil elastase release and intracellular Ca2+concentrations in neutrophils stimulated with fMLP, this agent did not affect the endotoxin-induced TNF-α production by monocytes. Rats were subjected to liver ischemia for 60 min. Serum levels of transaminases increased after hepatic I/R, peaking at 12 h after reperfusion. The i.v. infusion of adenosine (1 and 10 mg/kg/h), YT-146 (0.1 and 1 mg/kg/h), and CGS21680C (0.1 and 1 mg/kg/h) significantly inhibited the I/R-induced increase in serum transaminase levels 12 h after reperfusion. The I/R-induced decrease in hepatic tissue blood flow was significantly prevented by adenosine and YT-146. Hepatic levels of TNF-α, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (equivalent to human interleukin-8), and myeloperoxidase were significantly increased after I/R. These increases were significantly inhibited by the administration of adenosine, YT-146, and CGS21680C. Although the histological neutrophil accumulation in the liver was significantly increased after I/R as evaluated by the naphthol AS-D chloroacetate technique, the administration of adenosine, YT-146, and CGS21680C significantly inhibited this increase. These findings suggest that adenosine reduces I/R-induced liver injury both by inhibiting the synthesis of inflammatory mediators and by inhibiting neutrophil degranulation directly, probably through A2AR stimulation. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics