PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Bryan K. Tolliver
AU  - Amy H. Newman
AU  - Jonathan L. Katz
AU  - Lauren B. Ho
AU  - Lisa M. Fox
AU  - Kang Hsu, Jr.
AU  - S. Paul Berger
TI  - Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of the Dopamine Transporter Ligand 4-Chlorobenztropine Alone and in Combination with Cocaine In Vivo
DP  - 1999 Apr 01
TA  - Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
PG  - 110--122
VI  - 289
IP  - 1
4099  - http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/289/1/110.short
4100  - http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/289/1/110.full
SO  - J Pharmacol Exp Ther1999 Apr 01; 289
AB  - The current studies evaluated the novel diphenylmethoxytropane analog 4-chlorobenztropine (4-Cl-BZT), cocaine, and combinations of the two drugs for their abilities to stimulate locomotor activity, produce cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects, and elevate extracellular dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Peripherally administered cocaine was approximately twice as efficacious as 4-Cl-BZT as a locomotor stimulant and was behaviorally active at a lower dose than was 4-Cl-BZT. Cocaine also was more efficacious than 4-Cl-BZT in producing discriminative-stimulus effects in rats trained to discriminate i.p. injections of 10 mg/kg cocaine from saline. The time course of behavioral activation differed markedly between the two drugs, with much shorter onset and duration of locomotor stimulant effects for cocaine relative to 4-Cl-BZT. Similarly, i.p. cocaine (10 and 40 mg/kg) induced a pronounced, rapid, and short-lived increase in DA in the NAc, whereas i.p. 4-Cl-BZT was effective only at the higher dose and produced a more gradual, modest, and sustained (≥2 h) elevation in accumbens DA. In contrast to i.p. administration, local infusion of 4-Cl-BZT (1–100 μM) into the NAc through the microdialysis probe elevated extracellular DA to a much greater extent than did local cocaine (nearly 2000% of baseline maximally for 4-Cl-BZT versus 400% of baseline for cocaine) and displayed a much longer duration of action than cocaine. However, when microinjected bilaterally into the NAc at 30 or 300 nmol/side, cocaine remained a more efficacious locomotor stimulant than 4-Cl-BZT. Finally, pretreatment with i.p. 4-Cl-BZT dose dependently enhanced the locomotor stimulant, discriminative stimulus effects, and NAc DA response to a subsequent low-dose i.p. cocaine challenge. The diphenylmethoxytropane analog also facilitated the emergence of stereotyped behavior and convulsions induced by high-dose cocaine. The current results demonstrate that DA transporter ligands that do not share the neurochemical and behavioral profiles of cocaine nevertheless may enhance the effects of cocaine in vivo. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics