PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Visarius, Theresa M.
AU  - Stucki, Jörg W.
AU  - Lauterburg, Bernhard H.
TI  - Inhibition and Stimulation of Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation by Chloroacetaldehyde and Methylene Blue in Rats
DP  - 1999 May 01
TA  - Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
PG  - 820--824
VI  - 289
IP  - 2
4099  - http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/289/2/820.short
4100  - http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/289/2/820.full
SO  - J Pharmacol Exp Ther1999 May 01; 289
AB  - The effects of chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) and methylene blue, both alone and together, on mitochondrial metabolism, hepatic glutathione content, and bile flow were investigated in rats. Oxidation of [1-14C]palmitic acid, [1-14C]octanoic acid, and [1,4-14C]succinic acid allowed for the differentiation between carnitine-dependent long-chain fatty acid metabolism, medium chain fatty acid oxidation, and citric acid cycle activity, respectively. CAA, a metabolite of the anticancer drug ifosfamide, which may be responsible for ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, inhibited palmitic acid metabolism but not octanoic or succinic acid oxidation, depleted hepatic glutathione, and stimulated bile flow. Methylene blue, which is clinically used to either prevent or reverse ifosfamide-associated encephalopathy, markedly stimulated palmitic acid oxidation either in the presence or absence of CAA, but did not affect the oxidation of octanoic and succinic acid or hepatic glutathione. Taken together, this study demonstrates that CAA inhibits palmitic acid metabolism. Methylene blue stimulates long-chain fatty acid oxidation, most likely by facilitating the translocation of fatty acids into mitochondria, and compensates for the CAA effect in vivo. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics