PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Jeffrey M. Witkin
AU  - Maciej Gasior
AU  - Boris Heifets
AU  - Frank C. Tortella
TI  - Anticonvulsant Efficacy of<em>N</em>-Methyl-<span class="sc">d</span>-Aspartate Antagonists Against Convulsions Induced by Cocaine
DP  - 1999 May 01
TA  - Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
PG  - 703--711
VI  - 289
IP  - 2
4099  - http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/289/2/703.short
4100  - http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/289/2/703.full
SO  - J Pharmacol Exp Ther1999 May 01; 289
AB  - Convulsions associated with cocaine abuse can be life threatening and resistant to standard emergency treatment. Cocaine (75 mg/kg, i.p.) produced clonic convulsions in ∼90% of male, Swiss-Webster mice. A variety of clinically used antiepileptic agents did not significantly protect against cocaine convulsions (e.g., diazepam and phenobarbital). Anticonvulsants in clinical practice that did significantly protect against convulsion did so only at doses with significant sedative/ataxic effects (e.g., clonazepam and valproic acid). In contrast, functional N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists all produced dose-dependent and significant protection against the convulsant effects of cocaine. Anticonvulsant efficacy was achieved by blockade of both competitive and noncompetitive modulatory sites on the NMDA receptor complex. Thus, competitive antagonists, ion-channel blockers, polyamine antagonists, and functional blockers of the strychnine-insensitive glycine modulatory site all prevented cocaine seizures. The role of NMDA receptors in the control of cocaine-induced convulsions was further strengthened by the positive correlation between the potencies of noncompetititve antagonists or competitive antagonists to block convulsions and their respective affinities for their specific binding sites on the NMDA receptor complex. Although some NMDA blockers produced profound behavioral side effects at efficacious doses (e.g., noncompetitive antagonists), others (e.g., some low-affinity channel blockers, some competitive antagonists, and glycine antagonists) demonstrated significant and favorable separation between their anticonvulsant and side effect profiles. The present results provide the most extensive evidence to date identifying NMDA receptor blockade as a potential strategy for the discovery of agents for clinical use in averting toxic sequelae from cocaine overdose. Given the literature suggesting a role for these drugs in other areas of drug abuse treatments, NMDA receptor antagonists sit in a unique position as potential therapeutic candidates. U.S. Government