TY - JOUR T1 - Tamoxifen Directly Interacts with the Dopamine Transporter JF - Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics JO - J Pharmacol Exp Ther SP - 119 LP - 128 DO - 10.1124/jpet.118.248179 VL - 367 IS - 1 AU - Sarah R. Mikelman AU - Bipasha Guptaroy AU - Kyle C. Schmitt AU - Kymry T. Jones AU - Juan Zhen AU - Maarten E. A. Reith AU - Margaret E. Gnegy Y1 - 2018/10/01 UR - http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/367/1/119.abstract N2 - The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen increases extracellular dopamine in vivo and acts as a neuroprotectant in models of dopamine neurotoxicity. We investigated the effect of tamoxifen on dopamine transporter (DAT)–mediated dopamine uptake, dopamine efflux, and [3H]WIN 35,428 [(–)-2-β-carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane] binding in rat striatal tissue. Tamoxifen dose-dependently blocked dopamine uptake (54% reduction at 10 μM) and amphetamine-stimulated efflux (59% reduction at 10 μM) in synaptosomes. It also produced a small but significant reduction in [3H]WIN 35,428 binding in striatal membranes, indicating a weak interaction with the substrate binding site in the DAT. Biotinylation and cysteine accessibility studies indicated that tamoxifen stabilizes the outward-facing conformation of the DAT in a cocaine-like manner and does not affect surface expression of the DAT. Additional studies with mutant DAT constructs D476A and I159A suggested a direct interaction between tamoxifen and a secondary substrate binding site of the transporter. Locomotor studies revealed that tamoxifen attenuates amphetamine-stimulated hyperactivity in rats but has no depressant or stimulant activity in the absence of amphetamine. These results suggest a complex mechanism of action for tamoxifen as a regulator of the DAT. Due to its effectiveness against amphetamine actions and its central nervous system permeant activity, the tamoxifen structure represents an excellent starting point for a structure-based drug-design program to develop a pharmacological therapeutic for psychostimulant abuse. ER -