TY - JOUR T1 - Antiretroviral Drug Metabolism in Humanized PXR-CAR-CYP3A-NOG Mice JF - Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics JO - J Pharmacol Exp Ther SP - 272 LP - 280 DO - 10.1124/jpet.117.247288 VL - 365 IS - 2 AU - JoEllyn M. McMillan AU - Denise A. Cobb AU - Zhiyi Lin AU - Mary G. Banoub AU - Raghubendra S. Dagur AU - Amanda A. Branch Woods AU - Weimin Wang AU - Edward Makarov AU - Ted Kocher AU - Poonam S. Joshi AU - Rolen M. Quadros AU - Donald W. Harms AU - Samuel M. Cohen AU - Howard E. Gendelman AU - Channabasavaiah B. Gurumurthy AU - Santhi Gorantla AU - Larisa Y. Poluektova Y1 - 2018/05/01 UR - http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/365/2/272.abstract N2 - Antiretroviral drug (ARV) metabolism is linked largely to hepatic cytochrome P450 activity. One ARV drug class known to be metabolized by intestinal and hepatic CYP3A are the protease inhibitors (PIs). Plasma drug concentrations are boosted by CYP3A inhibitors such as cobisistat and ritonavir (RTV). Studies of such drug-drug interactions are limited since the enzyme pathways are human specific. While immune-deficient mice reconstituted with human cells are an excellent model to study ARVs during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, they cannot reflect human drug metabolism. Thus, we created a mouse strain with the human pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and CYP3A4/7 genes on a NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug/JicTac background (hCYP3A-NOG) and used them to evaluate the impact of human CYP3A metabolism on ARV pharmacokinetics. In proof-of-concept studies we used nanoformulated atazanavir (nanoATV) with or without RTV. NOG and hCYP3A-NOG mice were treated weekly with 50 mg/kg nanoATV alone or boosted with nanoformulated ritonavir (nanoATV/r). Plasma was collected weekly and liver was collected at 28 days post-treatment. Plasma and liver atazanavir (ATV) concentrations in nanoATV/r-treated hCYP3A-NOG mice were 2- to 4-fold higher than in replicate NOG mice. RTV enhanced plasma and liver ATV concentrations 3-fold in hCYP3A-NOG mice and 1.7-fold in NOG mice. The results indicate that human CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism is reduced compared with mouse and that RTV differentially affects human gene activity. These differences can affect responses to PIs in humanized mouse models of HIV-1 infection. Importantly, hCYP3A-NOG mice reconstituted with human immune cells can be used for bench-to-bedside translation. ER -