TY - JOUR T1 - Prediction of altered bile acid disposition due to inhibition of multiple transporters: An integrated approach using sandwich-cultured hepatocytes, mechanistic modeling and simulation JF - Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics JO - J Pharmacol Exp Ther DO - 10.1124/jpet.116.231928 SP - jpet.116.231928 AU - Cen Guo AU - Kyunghee Yang AU - Kenneth R. Brouwer AU - Robert L. St.Claire AU - Kim L. R. Brouwer Y1 - 2016/01/01 UR - http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2016/05/27/jpet.116.231928.abstract N2 - Transporter-mediated alterations in bile acid disposition may have significant toxicological implications. Current methods to predict interactions are limited by the interplay of multiple transporters, absence of protein in the experimental system, and inaccurate estimates of inhibitor concentrations. An integrated approach was developed to predict altered bile acid disposition due to inhibition of multiple transporters using the model bile acid taurocholate (TCA). TCA pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by mechanistic modeling using sandwich-cultured human hepatocyte data with protein in the medium. Uptake, basolateral efflux, and biliary clearance estimates were 0.63, 0.034, and 0.074 mL/min/g liver, respectively. Cellular total TCA concentrations (Ct,Cells) were selected as the model output based on sensitivity analysis. Monte Carlo simulations of TCA Ct,Cells in the presence of model inhibitors (telmisartan and bosentan) were performed using inhibition constants for TCA transporters and inhibitor concentrations, including cellular total or unbound concentrations ([I]t,cell and [I]u,cell, and cytosolic total or unbound concentrations ([I]t,cyt and [I]u,cyt). For telmisartan, the model prediction was accurate with an average fold error (AFE) of 0.99-1.0 when [I]u was used; accuracy dropped when [I]t was used. For bosentan, AFE was 1.2-1.3 using either [I]u or [I]t. This difference was evaluated by sensitivity analysis of the cellular unbound fraction of inhibitor (fu,cell,inhibitor), which revealed higher sensitivity of fu,cell,inhibitor for predicting TCA Ct,Cells when inhibitors exhibited larger ([I]t,cell/IC50) values. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the applicability of a framework to predict hepatocellular bile acid concentrations due to drug-mediated inhibition of transporters using mechanistic modeling and cytosolic or cellular unbound concentrations. ER -