PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Melanie Mueller
AU  - Amy K Goodwin
AU  - Nancy A. Ator
AU  - Una D McCann
AU  - George A Ricaurte
TI  - Metabolism and Disposition of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") in Baboons After Oral Administration: Comparison to Humans Reveals Marked Differences
AID  - 10.1124/jpet.111.180612
DP  - 2011 Jan 01
TA  - Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
PG  - jpet.111.180612
4099  - http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2011/04/14/jpet.111.180612.short
4100  - http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2011/04/14/jpet.111.180612.full
AB  - The baboon is potentially an attractive animal for modeling 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) effects in humans. Baboons self-administer MDMA, are susceptible to MDMA neurotoxicity, and are suitable for positron emission tomography, the method most often used to probe for MDMA neurotoxicity in humans. Because pharmacokinetic equivalence is a key feature of a good predictive animal model, we compared the pharmacokinetics of MDMA in baboons and humans. Baboons were trained to orally consume MDMA. Subsequently, pharmacokinetic profiles of MDMA and its major metabolites were determined following various oral MDMA doses using the same analytical method recently employed to carry out similar studies in humans. Results indicate that the MDMA pharmacokinetics after oral ingestion differ markedly between baboons and humans. Baboons had little or no MDMA in their plasma, but had high plasma concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA), pointing to much more extensive first-pass metabolism of MDMA in baboons compared to humans. Other less prominent differences included less O-methylation of HHMA to 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine, greater N-demethylation of MDMA to 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and a shorter half life of HHMA in the baboon. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize MDMA metabolism and disposition in the baboon. Differences in MDMA pharmacokinetics between baboons and humans suggest that the baboon may not be ideal for modeling human MDMA exposure. The unusually rapid conversion of MDMA to HHMA in the baboon, however, may render this animal uniquely useful for clarifying the relative role of the parent compound (MDMA) versus metabolites (particularly HHMA) in the biological actions of MDMA.