Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mediates antidiabetogenic effects through the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), which is targeted for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Small-molecule GLP-1R agonists have been sought due to difficulties with peptide therapeutics. Recently, 6,7-dichloro-2-methylsulfonyl-3-N-tert-butylaminoquinoxaline (compound 2) has been described as a GLP-1R allosteric modulator and agonist. Using human embryonic kidney-293 cells expressing human GLP-1Rs, we extended this work to consider the impact of compound 2 on G protein activation, Ca2+ signaling and receptor internalization and particularly to compare compound 2 and GLP-1 across a range of functional assays in intact cells. GLP-1 and compound 2 activated Gαs in cell membranes and increased cellular cAMP in intact cells, with compound 2 being a partial and almost full agonist, respectively. GLP-1 increased intracellular [Ca2+] by release from intracellular stores, which was mimicked by compound 2, with slower kinetics. In either intact cells or membranes, the orthosteric antagonist exendin-(9-39), inhibited GLP-1 cAMP generation but increased the efficacy of compound 2. GLP-1 internalized enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged GLP-1Rs, but the speed and magnitude evoked by compound 2 were less. Exendin-(9-39) inhibited internalization by GLP-1 and also surprisingly that by compound 2. Compound 2 displays GLP-1R agonism consistent with action at an allosteric site, although an orthosteric antagonist increased its efficacy on cAMP and blocked compound 2-mediated receptor internalization. Full assessment of the properties of compound 2 was potentially hampered by damaging effects that were particularly manifest in either longer term assays with intact cells or in acute assays with membranes.
Footnotes
This study was funded by AstraZeneca (Alderely Park Macclesfield, UK) and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council through a doctoral training grant [BB/D526510/1 (to Y.H.)] awarded to the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Leicester.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://jpet.aspetjournals.org.
doi:10.1124/jpet.110.166009.
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ABBREVIATIONS:
- GLP-1
- glucagon-like peptide-1
- GLP-1R
- glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
- compound 2
- 6,7-dichloro-2-methylsulfonyl-3-N-tert-butylaminoquinoxaline
- h
- human
- HEK
- human embryonic kidney
- EGFP
- enhanced green fluorescent protein
- AM
- acetoxymethyl ester
- U73122
- 1-[6-[[17β-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino]hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione
- U73343
- 1-[6-[[17β-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino]hexyl]-2,5-pyrrolidine-dione
- GTPγS
- guanosine 5′-O-(3-thio)triphosphate
- CTX
- cholera toxin
- BSA
- bovine serum albumin
- KHB
- Krebs-HEPES buffer
- IBMX
- isobutylmethylxanthine
- DMSO
- dimethyl sulfoxide
- PKA
- protein kinase A.
- Received January 14, 2010.
- Accepted May 26, 2010.
- Copyright © 2010 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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