Abstract
The activities of proteases in the lung, specifically matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), have been implicated in driving the inflammation and lung destruction observed in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Here, our aims were to compare the acute response with cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) in four mouse strains to identify common and distinguishing features and to assess the effect of an MMP inhibitor on this response. To do this, we exposed mice (BALB/C, C57BL/6, A/J, or 129/Sv) to whole-body CSE (1 h/day) for 3 days. CSE induced dose- and time-dependent increases in neutrophils and keratinocyte chemoattractant levels in the airways of all strains; however, the proportion of the neutrophilia differed among strains. In the two most contrasting strains, BALB/C and C57BL/6, we examined MMP gene expression and found only small changes apart from MMP-12, which was highly expressed in both strains. Both strains were then treated with a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, PKF242-484 [(2S,3R)-N4-((S)-2,2-dimethyl-1-methylcarbamoyl-propyl)-N1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-succinimide] (0.5–10 mg/kg) either orally or intranasally 1 h before and 5 h after CSE for 3 days. PKF242-484 dose-dependently reduced neutrophilia in BALB/C mice when dosed orally (p < 0.01) or intranasally (p < 0.01) but had no clear effect in C57BL/6 by either route. PKF242-484 reduced BAL macrophages when dosed intranasally (p < 0.05) but had no dose-dependent effect when dosed orally in both strains. These data suggest the inflammation induced by CSE is similar, but not identical, in different mouse strains. In addition, the ability of broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors to inhibit smoke-induced acute neutrophil inflammation is strain-dependent, whereas its ability to limit macrophage infiltration may be route dependent.
Footnotes
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This work was supported in part by a Capacity Building Award in Integrative Mammalian Biology funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, British Pharmacological Society, Higher Education Funding Council for England, Knowledge Transfer Network, and Medical Research Council (to C.S.S.).
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Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://jpet.aspetjournals.org.
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doi:10.1124/jpet.108.140848.
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ABBREVIATIONS: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CS, cigarette smoke; CSE, cigarette smoke exposure; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; PKF242-484, (2S,3R)-N4-((S)-2,2-dimethyl-1-methylcarbamoyl-propyl)-N1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-succinimide; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease; KC, keratinocyte chemoattractant; GRO-α, growth-related oncogene α.
- Received May 12, 2008.
- Accepted September 18, 2008.
- The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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