Abstract
Any clinical intervention (e.g., coronary angioplasty, thrombolysis) used to reintroduce blood flow to an ischemic region of the myocardium is accompanied by a complex enzymatic cascade of reactions resulting in severe injury to the heart, termed myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this study, we evaluated the ability of H-3010 (1-hydroxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid (2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-([2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-methylamino)-2-isopropylpentyl)-amide), a pyrroline modification of verapamil (2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylmethyl-amino]-2-(1-methylethyl)pentanenitrile), to protect the heart against I/R-mediated injury. Isolated perfused rat hearts pretreated with verapamil and H-3010 were subjected to 30 min of global no-flow ischemia followed by 45 min of reperfusion. The recovery (expressed as a percentage of preischemic baseline) in contractile function (left ventricular developed pressure) of hearts subjected to I/R was significantly higher in hearts treated with H-3010 at 5 μM (51.0 ± 6.4%) as well as at 50 μM (75.1 ± 7.4%) as compared with verapamil at 5 μM (32.2 ± 3.7%) or untreated control hearts (18.1 ± 2.8%). Creatine kinase release was significantly attenuated in hearts treated with H-3010 (45.7 ± 4.5 U/liter) as compared with untreated controls (131.5 ± 6.4 U/liter). Similar trends were also observed for lactate dehydrogenase release as well. A marked reduction in percent area of infarction was observed in the H-3010 group (11.7 ± 1.6%) compared with verapamil (25.1 ± 2.9%) and control (41.3 ± 1.9%) groups. Additional in vitro studies showed a marked decrease in reactive oxygen species generation with H-3010. In conclusion, our data clearly demonstrated that the verapamil derivative, H-3010, significantly decreased I/R-induced cardiac dysfunction. This can be attributed to the combined benefits of the pyrroline moiety (antioxidant) and the parent verapamil component (antiarrhythmic) in the protection of the heart from I/R-induced injury.
Footnotes
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This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant EB006153 and by Hungarian National Research Fund Grant OTKA T048334.
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Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://jpet.aspetjournals.org.
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doi:10.1124/jpet.107.127167.
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ABBREVIATIONS: verapamil, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl-methyl-amino]-2-(1-methylethyl)pentanenitrile; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; ROS, reactive oxygen species; H-3010, 1-hydroxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid (2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-([2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-methylamino)-2-isopropylpentyl)-amide; SOD, superoxide dismutase; DHE, dihydroethidium; LVDP, left ventricular developed pressure; RPP, rate pressure product; CF, coronary flow; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK, creatine kinase; TTC, triphenyltetrazolium chloride; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; EPR, electron paramagnetic resonance; DEPMPO, 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide; HR, heart rate; HE, hydroethidine; tempol, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl.
- Received June 12, 2007.
- Accepted July 19, 2007.
- The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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