Introduction

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Along with renal excretion, hepatic elimination is one of the major pathways involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics. Hepatic uptake is the initial process for the elimination of xenobiotics mediated by metabolism and/or biliary excretion. Previously, the mechanism for the hepatic uptake of ligands has been studied by kinetic analysis of the experimental data obtained in vivo, in situ using perfused liver, and in vitro in isolated and/or cultured hepatocytes and isolated sinusoidal membrane vesicles (Elferink et al., 1995). Cumulative evidence indicates that organic anions such as bilirubin (Paumgartner and Reichen, 1976), bromosulfophthalein (BSP; Wolkoff et al., 1987), dibromosulfophthalein (DBSP; Blom et al., 1981), 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (Sugiyama et al., 1983), and benzylpenicillin (Tsuji et al., 1986) are taken up by hepatocytes via a Na⁺-independent transport system. In addition, analysis of the hepatic uptake of bile acids revealed that the uptake of taurocholic acid (TC) and cholic acid (CA) is mediated by both Na⁺-dependent and -independent transport system, and approximately 20% and 60% of TC and CA uptake is mediated by a Na⁺-independent mechanism, respectively (Yamazaki et al., 1993b). In addition, recently, Yamazaki et al. (1993a) and Nakamura et al. (1996) found that a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (pravastatin) and a cyclic peptide (BQ-123; an endothelin antagonist) are taken up by isolated hepatocyte via a Na⁺-independent transport system and reported the mutual inhibition between these compounds and DBSP or bile acids (such as TC and CA). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Na⁺-independent bile acid transport and organic anion transport are mediated by a common transport carrier. Based on its wide range of substrate specificity, this putative transporter has been referred to as the "Na⁺-independent multispecific organic anion transporter" (Meier, 1988).

To obtain more detailed information on the mechanism of hepatic uptake, the cDNA species for Na⁺-TC cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp) and organic anion transporting polypeptide (oatp1) were isolated from rat liver based on expression cloning with Xenopus laevis oocytes (Hagenbuch et al., 1991; Jacquemin et al., 1994). Moreover, the human homologs of these transporters (NTCP and OATP) have been cloned (Hagenbuch and Meier, 1994; Kullak-Ublick et al., 1995). Using antibodies, in a rat liver study, it has been shown that oatp1 is selectively confined to the basolateral plasma membrane of hepatocytes (Bergwerk et al., 1996). The transport properties of oatp1 have been characterized by using oocytes injected with cRNA and mammalian cells transfected with cDNA (Meier, 1995); it has been shown that oatp1 mediates the Na⁺-independent uptake of TC and CA and can undergo cis-inhibition by neutral and unconjugated bile salts as well as a variety of nonbile salt amphipathic organic anions (Jacquemin et al., 1994; Kullak-Ublick et al., 1994). Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the affinity of oatp1 for estradiol 17-D-glucuronide (E₂17G; K_m = 3 µM) was significantly higher than that for TC (K_m = 27 µM) (Kanai et al., 1996). In addition, oatp1 has recently been demonstrated to transport anionic steroid conjugates (estrone-3-sulfate), neutral steroids (ouabain, aldosterone, cortisol), and even some amphipathic organic cations such as N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-21-deoxyajmalinium, a permanently charged photolabile derivative of the antiarrhythmic drug N-propylajmaline (Bossuyt et al., 1996). Hence, oatp1 represents a polyspecific and multivalent transport system able to accept a large variety of structurally unrelated and differently charged amphipathic organic substrates.

The purpose of the present study is to examine whether several organic anions, which are taken up by hepatocytes via a Na⁺-independent mechanism, can be oatp1 substrates. In addition, to clarify the contribution of oatp1 to the Na⁺-independent uptake of ligands, we examined the uptake of ligands into primary cultured hepatocytes and into COS-7 cells transiently expressing oatp1 and normalized the uptake using E₂17G as a reference compound.

	Experimental Procedures

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Materials. COS-7 cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). [³H]E₂17G (1813 GBq/mmol), [³H]TC (128.4 GBq/mmol), [³H]CA (906.5 GBq/mmol), [³H]estrone-3-sulfate (1883 GBq/mmol), and [³H]ouabain (758.5 GBq/mmol) were purchased from New England Nuclear (Boston, MA). [³H]Ibuprofen (18.5 GBq/mmol) was purchased from Amersham International (Buckinghamshire, UK). The glucuronide- and sulfate-conjugates of [¹⁴C]6-hydroxy-5,7-dimethyl-2-methylamino-4-(3-pyridylmethyl)ben-zothiazole (E3040; 1.85 GBq/mmol), prepared according to the method described previously (Hibi et al., 1994), were kindly donated by Eizai Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). [³H]Pravastatin was kindly donated by Sankyo Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). [³H]2,4-Dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione (DNP-SG) was synthesized according to the method described by Saxena and Henderson (1995) using [³H]glutathione (1739 GBq/mmol; New England Nuclear). All other chemicals were commercially available and of reagent grade.

Transient Expression of oatp1 cDNA in COS-7 Cells. Full-length cDNA for oatp1, kindly donated by Dr. Peter J. Meier, was initially cloned in the plasmid pSPORT1 (BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) (Jacquemin et al., 1994). oatp1 cDNA was excised with MluI (Takara, Tokyo, Japan) to perform the subcloning into the XhoI site in the pCAGGS vector, which has an SV40 origin of replication to allow duplication of the plasmid in COS-7 cells (Niwa et al., 1991) after converting to blunt ends.

Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes. Rat hepatocytes were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (200-250 g; Nihon Ikagaku Dobutsu Shizai Kenkyusyo, Tokyo, Japan) after perfusion of the liver with collagenase. Cell viability was routinely checked by the trypan blue [0.4% (w/v)] exclusion test. After preparation, freshly isolated cells were suspended in Williams' medium E. Approximately 5 × 10⁵ cells were placed onto collagen-coated 22-mm dishes and cultured for 4 h.

Northern Blot Analysis. Northern blot analysis was performed as described previously (Ito et al., 1997). Either 0.5 or 2 µg of poly(A)⁺ RNA, prepared from COS-7 cells 48 h after transfection, and SD rat liver were separated on 0.8% agarose gel containing 3.7% formaldehyde and transferred to a nylon membrane, before fixation by baking for 2 h at 80°C. Blots were prehybridized in medium containing 4× saline sodium citrate (SSC), 5× Denhardt's solution, 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.1 mg/ml sonicated salmon sperm DNA, and 50% formamide at 42°C for 2 h. We used 2 kbp of oatp1 cDNA (nucleic acid, 69-2102 bp) as a hybridization probe, and hybridization was performed overnight in the same buffer containing 10⁶ cpm/ml ³²P-labeled cDNA prepared by the random primed labeling method. As a control, ³²P-labeled cDNA for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, CA) was used. The hybridized membrane was washed in 2× SSC and 0.1% SDS at 55°C for 20 min and then in 0.1× SSC and 0.1% SDS at 55°C for 20 min. Then, the membrane was exposed to imaging plates (Fuji Film, Tokyo, Japan) for 1 h at room temperature. The intensity of the specific band was quantified using a Bio-Image Analyzer (Bas 2000, Fuji Film).

Western Blot Analysis. For the Western blot analysis, crude membrane was prepared from COS-7 and SD rat liver according to the method of Gant et al. (1991). Cells and liver were homogenized in five volumes of 0.1 M Tris·HCl buffer, pH 7.4, containing 1 µg/ml leupeptin and pepstain A and 50 µg/ml phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride with 20 strokes of a Dounce homogenizer. After centrifugation (1500g for 10 min) of homogenate, the supernatant was recentrifuged (100,000g for 30 min). The precipitate was suspended in Tris·HCl buffer and recentrifuged (100,000g for 30 min). The crude membrane fraction was resuspended in the 0.1 M Tris·HCl buffer containing the proteinase inhibitors with five strokes of a Dounce homogenizer and stored at 80°C before being used for Western blot analysis. All procedures were performed at 0 to 4°C. The membrane protein concentrations were determined by the method of Lowry et al. (1951) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a standard. Then, either 25 or 50 µg of crude membrane was dissolved in 10 ml of 2× 0.25 M Tris·HCl buffer containing 2% SDS, 30% glycerol, and 0.01% bromophenol blue, pH 6.8, and loaded onto a 7.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis plate with a 4.4% stacking gel. The molecular weight was determined using a prestained protein marker (NEB, Beverly, MA). Proteins were transferred electrophoretically to a nitrocellulose membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA) using a blotter (BioRad Laboratories, Richmond, CA) at 15 V for 1 h. The membrane was blocked with Tris-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20 (TBS-T) and 5% BSA for 1 to 2 h at room temperature. After washing with TBS-T (3× 5 min), the membrane was incubated overnight with anti-oatp1 rabbit serum (dilution 1:5000), which was kindly donated by Dr. Peter J. Meier (Bergwerk et al., 1996), in TBS-T containing 5% BSA at 4°C and then washed with TBS-T (3× 5 min). The membrane was allowed to bind to ¹²⁵I-labeled sheep anti-rabbit Ig in TBS-T containing 5% BSA for 1 h at room temperature and then washed with TBS-T (3× 5 min). Then, the membrane was exposed to imaging plates (Fuji Film, Tokyo, Japan) overnight at room temperature. The intensity of the specific band was quantified using a Bio-Image Analyzer (Bas 2000, Fuji Film).

Uptake Study. Uptake was initiated by adding the radiolabeled ligands to the medium after washing the culture dishes three times and preincubation with Krebs-Henseleit buffer or choline buffer at 37°C for 5 min. The Krebs-Henseleit buffer consisted of 142 mM NaCl, 23.8 mM Na₂CO₃, 4.83 mM KCl, 0.96 mM KH₂PO₄, 1.20 mM MgSO₄, 12.5 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine-ethanesulfonic acid, 5 mM glucose, and 1.53 mM CaCl₂ adjusted to pH 7.3. The composition of the choline buffer was the same as the Krebs-Henseleit buffer except that NaCl and NaHCO₃ were replaced with isotonic choline chloride and choline bicarbonate, respectively. The final concentration of [³H]E₂17G, [³H]TC, [³H]CA, [³H]estrone-3-sulfate, [³H]ouabain, [³H]ibuprofen, [³H]pravastatin, and [³H]DNP-SG was 1 µM, whereas that of [¹⁴C]E3040 sulfate and [¹⁴C]E3040 glucuronide was 2 and 10 µM, respectively. At designated times, the reaction was terminated by adding ice-cold Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Just before the designated times, 50 µl of medium was transferred to scintillation vials. Then, cells were washed three times with 2 ml of ice-cold Krebs-Henseleit buffer and solubilized in 500 µl of 1 N NaOH. After adding 500 µl of distilled water, 800-µl aliquots were transferred to scintillation vials. The radioactivity associated with the cells and medium was determined in a liquid scintillation counter (LS 6000SE; Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fullerton, CA) after adding 8 ml of scintillation fluid (Hionic flow; Packard Instrument Co., Downers Grove, IL) to the scintillation vials. The remaining 100-µl aliquots of cell lyzate were used to determine protein concentrations by the method of Lowry et al. (1951) with BSA as a standard. Ligand uptake is given as the cell-to-medium concentration ratio, determined as the amount of ligands associated with the cells divided by the medium concentration.

Determination of Kinetic Parameters. The uptake of E₂17G for 1 min was studied to determine the kinetic parameters because the initial velocity of the uptake of E₂17G is linear during this period. The kinetic parameters were estimated from the following equation; where V₀ is the initial uptake velocity of E₂17G (nmol/min/mg protein), S is the concentration of E₂17G in the medium (µM), K_m is the Michaelis constant (µM), and V_max is the maximum uptake rate (nmol/min/mg protein). The uptake data were fitted to this equation by a nonlinear least-squares method using a MULTI program (Yamaoka et al., 1981) to obtain estimates of the kinetic parameters. The input data were weighted as the reciprocals of the squares of the observed values.

Estimation of Contribution of oatp1 to Na⁺-Independent Uptake of Ligands into Rat Hepatocytes. To determine the Na⁺-independent uptake by hepatocytes, uptake was measured in choline buffer. oatp1-mediated uptake was determined by subtracting the uptake into COS-7 cells transfected with pCAGGS vector from that into COS-7 cells transfected with pCAGGS containing oatp1 (measured in Krebs-Henseleit buffer). The uptake clearance of ligands (CL_uptake) was calculated using linear regression applied to the initial two or three data points. R_hep and R_COS were defined by R_hep = CL_uptake of ligands into hepatocytes/CL_uptake of E₂17G into hepatocytes and R_COS = CL_uptake of ligands into COS-7 cells/CL_uptake of E₂17G into COS-7 cells.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Experimental procedures Results Discussion References

Expression of oatp1 in COS-7 Cells. The expression of transfected oatp1 in COS-7 cells was examined by Northern and Western blot analyses. As shown in Fig. 1, the oatp1 transcript was found at approximately 4.3 and 2.5 kb in transfected COS-7 cells (lanes c and d), whereas it was found at approximately 4.3 kb in rat liver (lane a). However, Western blot analysis (Fig. 1) indicated that the molecular mass of the oatp1 product in COS-7 cells (lanes j and k) was approximately 72 kDa, which was significantly lower than that in liver (83 kDa) (lanes h and i). Although the amount of oatp1 transcript was approximately 10-fold higher in oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells than in liver, the amount of oatp1 expressed on the membrane prepared from oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells was approximately one-seventh that of liver (Fig. 1). No expression of oatp1 was observed in COS-7 cells transfected with pCAGGS vector (lanes f and g).

View larger version (57K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Expression of oatp1. Expression of oatp1 in transfected COS-7 cells was examined by Northern (lanes a-d) and Western (lanes e-k) blot analyses. Poly(A)+ RNA from SD rat liver and oatp1- and vector-transfected COS-7 cells were used in Northern blot analysis. The membrane hybridized with 32P-labeled oatp1 cDNA fragment (nucleic acid, 69-2102 bp) and rehybridized with 32P-labeled GAPDH cDNA was exposed for 1 h at room temperature with an intensifying screen. Lanes a, b, and d were loaded with 2 µg of poly(A)+ RNA from rat liver and vector- and oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells, respectively. Lane c was loaded with 0.5 µg of poly(A)+ RNA from oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells. The crude membrane from SD rat liver and oatp1- and vector-transfected COS-7 cells were used in Western blot analysis. The membrane incubated with anti-rabbit oatp1 serum was exposed overnight at room temperature with an intensifying screen. Lanes e, f, g, h, i, j, and k were loaded with a marker, 50 and 25 µg of crude membrane from vector-transfected COS-7 cells, 50 and 25 µg of crude membrane from liver, and 50 and 25 µg of crude membrane from oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells, respectively.

Quantification of Ligand Transport. Na⁺-independent uptake of E₂17G, TC, CA, estrone-3-sulfate, and E3040 sulfate was observed in rat hepatocytes (Fig. 2). In addition, the uptake of these ligands into COS-7 cells was stimulated by transfection of oatp1 (Fig. 2). Kinetic analysis of the Na⁺-independent uptake of E₂17G by cultured hepatocytes gave a K_m of 12.9 ± 1.3 µM and a V_max of 1.30 ± 0.10 nmol/min/mg protein (Fig. 3). In the same manner, the K_m and V_max of oatp1-mediated E₂17G uptake was 20.4 ± 9.0 µM and 0.175 ± 0.051 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively (Fig. 3).

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Time profiles for the uptake of ligands by primary cultured hepatocytes and oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells. Uptake of E217G (1 µM), TC (1 µM), CA (1 µM), estrone-3-sulfate (estrone sulfate; 1 µM), and E3040 sulfate (2 µM) by primary cultured hepatocytes (top) and oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells (bottom) was examined. For experiments in COS-7 cells,  and  represent the uptake into vector- and oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells, respectively. Dotted lines represent the oatp1-mediated uptake, which was determined as the differences in the uptake between oatp1- and vector-transfected cells. Each symbol and vertical bar represents the mean ± S.E. of determinations. The number of the determinations of the uptake of E217G, TC, CA, estrone sulfate, and E3040 sulfate by hepatocytes were 30, 33, 9, 6, and 9 in 10, 11, 3, 2, and 3 independent preparations, respectively. The number of the determinations of the uptake of E217G, TC, CA, estrone sulfate, and E3040 sulfate by COS-7 cells were 9, 9, 6, 6, and 6 in 3, 3, 2, 2, and 2 independent preparations, respectively.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Saturation of the Na+-independent and oatp1-mediated uptake of E217G. Saturation of the Na+-independent uptake of E217G by primary cultured hepatocytes was determined in the absence of Na+ (left). oatp1-mediated uptake of E217G by transfected COS-7 cells was determined as the differences in the uptake between oatp1- and vector-transfected COS-7 cells (right). Each symbol and vertical bar represents the mean ± S.E. of three independent determinations.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   Time profiles for the uptake of ligands by primary cultured hepatocytes and oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells. Uptake of ibuprofen (1 µM), pravastatin (1 µM), ouabain (1 µM), DNP-SG (1 µM), and E3040 glucuronide (10 µM) by primary cultured hepatocytes (top) and oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells (bottom) was examined. For experiments in COS-7 cells,  and  represent the uptake into vector- and oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells, respectively. Each symbol and vertical bar represents the mean ± S.E. of determinations. The number of the determinations of the uptake of ibuprofen, pravastatin, ouabain, DNP-SG, and E3040 glucuronide by hepatocytes were 9, 9, 9, 3, and 3 in 3, 3, 3, 1, and 1 independent preparations, respectively. The number of the determinations of the uptake of ibuprofen, pravastatin, ouabain, DNP-SG, and E3040 glucuronide by COS-7 cells were 6, 9, 6, 3, and 3 in 2, 3, 2, 1, and 1 independent preparations, respectively.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Experimental procedures Results Discussion References

In the present study, we compared the ligand transport between primary cultured rat hepatocytes and oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells. Because it has been reported that the expression of transporters and their function is reduced in hepatocytes cultured for more than 6 h (Ishigami et al., 1995; Liang et al., 1993), the culture period was restricted to 4 h or less in the present study (Torchia et al., 1996).

The expression of oatp1 cDNA was studied in transfected COS-7 cells (Fig. 1). Northern blot analysis indicated that the length of the transcript (approximately 4.3 and 2.5 kb; Fig. 1) was similar to that observed in liver (approximately 4.3 kb; Fig. 1), which is in agreement with previous reports. Jacquemin et al. (1994) reported that oatp1 cDNA hybridized with several mRNAs from rat liver (4.3, 3.3, 2.5, and 1.4 kb), and the strongest hybridization signal was observed with mRNA of 4.3 and 3.3 kb. In addition, Bergwerk et al. (1996) indicated that oatp1 cDNA hybridized with RNA of 4.3 and 3.3 kb isolated from rat liver by Northern blot analysis under high-stringency conditions. Western blot analysis indicated that the molecular mass of oatp1 expressed in COS-7 cells (approximately 72 kDa; Fig. 1) was smaller than that in rat liver (approximately 83 kDa; Fig. 1). This lower molecular mass of oatp1 in the transfected COS-7 cells may be accounted for by a much lower degree of glycosylation of this transporter; previous Western blot analysis indicated that the molecular mass of oatp1 in rat liver was 80 kDa and that in oatp1-transfected HeLa cells with vaccinia virus was 70 kDa. In addition, preincubation of rat sinusoidal membrane subfractions with N-glycanase resulted in a shift of oatp1 migration from 80 to 65 kDa (Bergwerk et al., 1996). Collectively, the results of the present study may be accounted for if the glycosylation of oatp1 in transfected COS-7 cells is minimal. In our previous study, Western blot analysis indicated that the molecular mass of Ntcp expressed in COS-7 cells (approximately 33 kDa) was also much smaller than that in cultured hepatocytes (approximately 51 kDa), which may be due to the lower degree of glycosylation (Kouzuki et al., 1998). As shown in Fig. 1, we found that although the mRNA levels in COS-7 cells are approximately 10-fold higher than that in liver, the expression of oatp1 in oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells is approximately one-seventh that in liver. Such a difference in the expression level between mRNA and protein has been observed frequently. The results can be accounted for by low efficiency of transcription in COS-7 cells and/or by less stability of oatp1 protein in COS-7 cells. The latter explanation is also plausible because 1) we found that oatp1 product in COS-7 cells was less glycosylated and 2) it has been demonstrated that less glycosylation results in the instability of proteins (Schinkel et al., 1993). These results are also consistent with the expression of Ntcp in the transfected COS-7 cells (Kouzuki et al., 1998).

Our kinetic analysis indicated that the K_m value for E₂17G was similar in cultured hepatocytes and oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells (12.9 versus 20.4 µM), although the deviation was associated with the data (Fig. 3). These values are in agreement with previous reports in which the K_m of oatp1 for E₂17G was examined in cRNA-injected oocytes (3 µM) (Bossuyt et al., 1996), in cDNA-transfected HeLa cells with vaccinia virus (3.2 µM) (Kanai et al., 1996), and in sinusoidal membrane vesicles isolated from rat liver (4.5-13 µM) (Brouwer et al., 1987, Vore and Hoffman, 1994). We found that the V_max for E₂17G in oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells was approximately one-seventh that in hepatocytes (1.30 versus 0.175 nmol/min/mg protein) (Fig. 3). Because the Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of oatp1 in the transfected COS-7 cells is one-seventh that in the liver after correction of the background level (Fig. 1), this suggested that the glycosylation of oatp1 may have no affect on either the affinity or the velocity of transport. In addition, the transfected COS-7 cells may be used to quantitatively predict oatp1-activity in hepatocytes after correction of its expressed amount by Western blot analysis.

Using oatp1-transfected cells, we showed that TC, CA, estrone-3-sulfate, and E3040 sulfate are substrates for oatp1 (Fig. 2). These results are consistent with previous works; Jacquemin et al. (1994) and Bossuyt et al. (1996) found that injection of oatp1 cRNA into oocytes stimulated the uptake of TC, CA and estrone-3-sulfate. Kanai et al. (1996) demonstrated that the CL_uptake of TC into oatp1-transfected HeLa cells with vaccinia virus was approximately 6-fold lower than that of E₂17G (0.53 versus 3.1 µl/min/mg protein), which is comparable with the present observation; in oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells, CL_uptake of TC was approximately 8-fold lower than that of E₂17G (2.3 versus 19 µl/min/mg protein; Table 1). By using E₂17G as a reference compound, we could determine the contribution of oatp1 to the hepatic uptake of ligands. Our kinetic analysis indicated that 50 to 60% of the Na⁺-independent hepatic uptake of TC and CA is accounted for by oatp1 (Table 1). Because it has been shown that approximately 65% and 70% of hepatocellular uptake of TC and CA in the absence of Na⁺ are accounted for by a saturable processes (Yamazaki et al., 1993b), the contribution of oatp1 to the Na⁺-independent specific uptake of these bile acids may be higher than 50 to 60%. In contrast, oatp1 contributed approximately 27% and 21% to the Na⁺-independent uptake of estrone-3-sulfate and E3040 sulfate, respectively (Table 1), suggesting that another transporter(s) may be involved in the Na⁺-independent uptake of these ligands. For E3040 sulfate, more than 80% of Na⁺-independent hepatocellular uptake was accounted for by a carrier-mediated mechanism (Takenaka et al., 1997).

We also examined the uptake of E3040 glucuronide, ibuprofen, pravastatin, DNP-SG, and ouabain in oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells. Although these ligands were taken up by the cultured hepatocytes, and indeed, the contribution of carrier-mediated uptake has been determined as more than 80% for E3040 glucuronide, pravastatin, and ouabain (Eaton and Klaassen, 1978; Takenaka et al., 1997; Yamazaki et al., 1993a), transfection of oatp1 did not stimulate the uptake into COS-7 cells (Fig. 4). Some of the present results are inconsistent with previously accepted ideas; we demonstrated that the hepatic uptake of pravastatin is mediated by a Na⁺-independent mechanism and that the uptake is competitively inhibited by DBSP and bile acids (such as TC and CA; Yamazaki et al., 1993a). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the hepatic uptake of pravastatin is mediated by a "multispecific organic anion transporter" (Meier, 1988). The results of the present study, however, indicate that oatp1 does not predominantly mediate the transport of pravastatin (Table 1). It is therefore necessary to assume the presence of multiple transporters to provide a molecular basis for the concept that the hepatic uptake of organic anions is mediated by a multispecific organic anion transporter, which has been established from a kinetic analysis of the experimented data obtained in isolated/cultured hepatocytes and isolated sinusoidal membrane vesicles (Meier, 1988). It is plausible that oatp2, a homolog of oatp1, may also responsible for the hepatic uptake of organic anions (Noe et al., 1997). Such inconsistency in the observations between the hepatocytes and gene product has been reported previously; although mutual competitive inhibition is observed between TC and bumetanide in hepatocytes (Blitzer et al., 1982; Petzinger et al., 1989), Ntcp dose not mediate the Na⁺-dependent uptake of bumetanide (Petzinger et al., 1996).

Although Bossuyt et al. (1996) demonstrated that injection of oatp1 cRNA into oocytes stimulated the uptake of ouabain, we found that transfection of oatp1 cDNA did not affect the uptake of this compound into COS-7 cells. This discrepancy may be accounted for by considering the background level of uptake in COS-7 cells. The CL_uptake of E₂17G and ouabain into oocytes injected with oatp1 cRNA was approximately 9.7 and 0.21 nl/min/oocyte, respectively (Bossuyt et al., 1996). If the uptake of ouabain is mediated by oatp1 in the transfected COS-7 cells, the CL_uptake of ouabain is calculated to be 0.41 µl/min/mg protein from that of E₂17G (19 µl/min/mg protein; Table 1), whereas that of ouabain into vector-transfected COS-7 cells was 1.8 µl/min/mg protein (Fig. 4). It is possible that the background level of uptake in COS-7 cells prevented detection of the oatp1-mediated transport of ouabain. Because it was recently demonstrated that oatp2 mediates the uptake of ouabain, the contribution of oatp2 to the hepatic uptake of the cardiac glycoside may be predominant (Noe et al., 1997).

The limitation of the present method to determine quantitatively the contribution of oatp1 to the hepatic uptake of substrates is related to the assumption that E₂17G is predominantly taken up by hepatocytes via oatp1. However, Brouwer et al. (1987) indicated that at least two transport systems are involved in the hepatocellular uptake of E₂17G (kinetic parameters: K_m1 = 4.54 µM; V_max1 = 0.149 nmol/min/mg protein; K_m2 = 149 µM; V_max2 = 0.641 nmol/min/mg protein). More recently, oatp2 has been cloned from rat brain as a homolog of oatp1. Indeed, oatp2 is also expressed in hepatocytes and accepts E₂17G as the substrate (Noe et al., 1997). Collectively, we must be cautious in the interpretation of the data because the magnitude of the contribution of oatp1 may be overestimated if other identified or unidentified membrane protein or proteins are responsible for the hepatic uptake of E₂17G. Although it was suggested that the uptake of E₂17G by hepatocytes is predominantly mediated by oatp1 based on the agreement in the V_max value for the uptake of E₂17G and the expression level of oatp1 protein between hepatocytes and transfected COS-7 cells, a full answer to this question may be obtained by investigation of the effect of antisense against oatp1 on the uptake of E₂17G by oocytes given an injection of total rat liver mRNA. No such experiment has been performed for E₂17G, whereas it was shown that the simultaneous injection of antisense against oatp1 with total liver mRNA into the oocytes resulted in a reduction in the Na⁺-independent uptake of TC and BSP by 80% and 50%, respectively (Hagenbuch et al., 1996). Regardless of the limitation, the use of the present method should be still meaningful because we could demonstrate the role of additional transporters for the Na⁺-independent hepatic uptake of estrone-3-sulfate, E3040 sulfate, E3040 glucuronide, ibuprofen, pravastatin, DNP-SG, and ouabain.

In conclusion, a comparison of the uptake by rat hepatocytes and oatp1-transfected COS-7 cells suggested that more than 50 to 60% of the Na⁺-independent uptake of TC and CA is mediated by oatp1, whereas oatp1 accounted for only 20 to 30% of the Na⁺-independent uptake of estrone-3-sulfate and E3040 sulfate. In addition, the contribution of oatp1 to the uptake of E3040 glucuronide, ibuprofen, pravastatin, DNP-SG, and ouabain was minimal, suggesting the presence of multispecificity for the Na⁺-independent transport mechanism across the sinusoidal membrane.