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CARDIOVASCULAR

Distinct Roles of Estrogen Receptor- and β in the Modulation of Vascular Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase in Diabetes

Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (A.C., C.B., V.P., R.M.G.); Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (A.C., C.B., V.P., C.M., C.P., E.V., A.M.); and Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)

Estrogen is known to affect vascular function and diabetes development, but the relative contribution of estrogen receptor (ER) isoforms is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine how individual ER isoforms modulate inflammatory enzymes in the vascular wall of control and streptozotocin (STZ)-injected rodents. Primary cultures of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were stimulated with inflammatory agents in the presence or absence of increasing concentrations of the ER and ERβ-selective agonists 4,4',4''-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol (PPT) and diarylpropionitrile (DPN), respectively. The production of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), a classical indicator of vascular inflammation, was significantly reduced by PPT in control but not diabetic SMCs, whereas it was further enhanced by DPN treatment in both groups. This distinct action profile was not related to changes in ER transcriptional activity. However, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling was activated by DPN but not by PPT in cytokine-treated SMCs. In cultured aortic rings from both normoglycemic and STZ-diabetic mice, pharmacological activation of ER attenuated cytokine-driven iNOS induction by 30 to 50%. Vascular iNOS levels were decreased consistently when adding 1 nM 17β-estradiol to aortic tissues from ERβ- but not ER-knockout mice. These findings suggest a possible role for ER-selective ligands in reducing vascular inflammatory responses under normo- and hyperglycemic conditions.

Address correspondence to: Adriana Maggi, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy. E-mail: adriana.maggi{at}unimi.it