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CARDIOVASCULAR

The Guinea Pig as a Preclinical Model for Demonstrating the Efficacy and Safety of Statins

Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (C.S.M., E.J., R.Z., C.S.R., X.Y., H.M., M.C., C.D., S.S., D.S., X.C., S.Z., L.K., A.P., T.H., A.A., C.H., M.A.B., C.-q.S., J.A.R., P.D.S.); Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, La Jolla, California (V.N.-T.); Palatin Technologies Inc., Cranbury, New Jersey (R.S.); Abbott Laboratories, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.A.C.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Indiana (M.C.K.); and Redpoint Bio, Ewing, New Jersey (P.D.S.)

Statins, because of their excellent efficacy and manageable safety profile, represent a key component in the current armamentarium for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Nonetheless, myopathy remains a safety concern for this important drug class. Cerivastatin was withdrawn from the market for myotoxicity safety concerns. BMS-423526 [{(3R,5S)-7-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-2-(1-methylethyl)-5H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-3-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-heptenoic acid} sodium salt], similar to cerivastatin in potency and lipophilicity, was terminated in early clinical development due to an unacceptable myotoxicity profile. In this report, we describe the guinea pig as a model of statin-induced cholesterol lowering and myotoxicity and show that this model can distinguish statins with unacceptable myotoxicity profiles from statins with acceptable safety profiles. In our guinea pig model, both cerivastatin and BMS-423526 induced myotoxicity at doses near the ED₅₀ for total cholesterol (TC) lowering in plasma. In contrast, wide differences between myotoxic and TC-lowering doses were established for the currently marketed, more hydrophilic statins, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and atorvastatin. This in vivo model compared favorably to an in vitro model, which used statin inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in rat hepatocytes and L6 myoblasts as surrogates of potential efficacy and toxicity, respectively. Our conclusion is that the guinea pig is a useful preclinical in vivo model for demonstrating whether a statin is likely to have an acceptable therapeutic safety margin.

Address correspondence to: Dr. Cort S. Madsen, Department of Atherosclerosis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534. E-mail: cort.madsen{at}bms.com