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TOXICOLOGY

The Radical Scavenger Edaravone (3-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) Reacts with a Pterin Derivative and Produces a Cytotoxic Substance That Induces Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Cell Death

Departments of Anesthesia (T.A., M.K., K.F.) and Hematology and Oncology (T.M., K.Y.), Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan (M.N., K.M.); Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center, Tsuruga, Japan (N.E.); Department of Anesthesia, Higashiyama Takeda Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (H.M.); and School of Health Science Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (M.S.)

Cytotoxic effects of the combined use of edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a radical scavenger and an approved medicine for acute brain infarction in Japan, with a pterin derivative, were examined in vitro. When pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1 cells were incubated with 50 to 400 µM of a pterin derivative, 2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyleneamino)-6-formyl-3-pivaloylpteridine-4-one (DFP), and the equivalent dose of edaravone, reactive oxygen species (ROS), were generated, and cell death was induced. ROS generation and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) preceding cell death were simultaneously monitored using time-lapse microscopy with an ROS-sensitive dye and a probe to monitor MMP, respectively. Cell death was also estimated quantitatively by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. ROS generation and cell death were prominent when more than 100 µM of each agent was used in combination, whereas the sole use of each agent did not show any effects even at the highest dose, 400 µM. Chemical analysis revealed that DFP and edaravone react immediately in aqueous solution and produce a new compound named DFP-E. DFP-E chemically reacted with NADH much faster than DFP and generated ROS, and biologically, it was much more cell-permeable than DFP. These findings collectively indicated that the combined use of DFP with edaravone produced DFP-E, which caused intracellular ROS generation and cell death. Cell death was observed in normal cells, and edaravone reacted with another pterin derivative to yield an ROS-generating compound. As a result, care should be taken with the clinical use of edaravone when pterin derivatives stay in the body.

Address correspondence to: Dr. Toshiyuki Arai, Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. E-mail: arai{at}kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp