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NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

Characterization of the Antinociceptive Actions of Bicifadine in Models of Acute, Persistent, and Chronic Pain

DOV Pharmaceutical, Inc., Somerset, New Jersey (A.S.B., P.A.K., A.S.L., P.S., E.K.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); Department of Drug Development and Behavioral Neuroscience (P.P., A.N., M.K.), Department of Neurobiology (G.N.), and Department of Pharmacology (K.G., M.K.), Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Krakow, Poland; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel (E.T.); Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta Georgia (M.B.); and Department of Cytobiology and Histochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (G.N.)

Bicifadine (1-p-tolyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane) inhibits monoamine neurotransmitter uptake by recombinant human transporters in vitro with a relative potency of norepinephrine > serotonin > dopamine (1:2:17). This in vitro profile is supported by microdialysis studies in freely moving rats, where bicifadine (20 mg/kg i.p.) increased extrasynaptic norepinephrine and serotonin levels in the prefrontal cortex, norepinephrine levels in the locus coeruleus, and dopamine levels in the striatum. Orally administered bicifadine is an effective antinociceptive in several models of acute, persistent, and chronic pain. Bicifadine potently suppressed pain responses in both the Randall-Selitto and kaolin models of acute inflammatory pain and in the phenyl-p-quinone-induced and colonic distension models of persistent visceral pain. Unlike many transport inhibitors, bicifadine was potent and completely efficacious in both phases of the formalin test in both rats and mice. Bicifadine also normalized the nociceptive threshold in the complete Freund's adjuvant model of persistent inflammatory pain and suppressed mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in the spinal nerve ligation model of chronic neuropathic pain. Mechanical hyperalgesia was also reduced by bicifadine in the streptozotocin model of neuropathic pain. Administration of the D₂ receptor antagonist (-)-sulpiride reduced the effects of bicifadine in the mechanical hyperalgesia assessment in rats with spinal nerve ligations. These results indicate that bicifadine is a functional triple reuptake inhibitor with antinociceptive and antiallodynic activity in acute, persistent, and chronic pain models, with activation of dopaminergic pathways contributing to its antihyperalgesic actions.

Address correspondence to: Dr. Anthony S. Basile, DOV Pharmaceutical, Inc., 150 Pierce St., Somerset, NJ 08873-4185. E-mail: abasile{at}dovpharm.com

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