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PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACOLOGY

The Origins of Diversity and Specificity in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling

Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Gerontology Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (S.M., B.M.); Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (L.M.L.); and the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (L.M.L.)

The modulation of transmembrane signaling by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitutes the single most important therapeutic target in medicine. Drugs acting on GPCRs have traditionally been classified as agonists, partial agonists, or antagonists based on a two-state model of receptor function embodied in the ternary complex model. Over the past decade, however, many lines of investigation have shown that GPCR signaling exhibits greater diversity and "texture" than previously appreciated. Signal diversity arises from numerous factors, among which are the ability of receptors to adopt multiple "active" states with different effector-coupling profiles; the formation of receptor dimers that exhibit unique pharmacology, signaling, and trafficking; the dissociation of receptor "activation" from desensitization and internalization; and the discovery that non-G protein effectors mediate some aspects of GPCR signaling. At the same time, clustering of GPCRs with their downstream effectors in membrane microdomains and interactions between receptors and a plethora of multidomain scaffolding proteins and accessory/chaperone molecules confer signal preorganization, efficiency, and specificity. In this context, the concept of agonist-selective trafficking of receptor signaling, which recognizes that a bound ligand may select between a menu of active receptor conformations and induce only a subset of the possible response profile, presents the opportunity to develop drugs that change the quality as well as the quantity of efficacy. As a more comprehensive understanding of the complexity of GPCR signaling is developed, the rational design of ligands possessing increased specific efficacy and attenuated side effects may become the standard mode of drug development.

Address correspondence to: Dr. Stuart Maudsley, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Gerontology Research Center, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Johns Hopkins Medical Center, Baltimore, MD. E-mail: maudsleyst{at}grc.nia.nih.gov

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