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INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY

Nicotine Activates Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells c2 (NFATc2) and Prevents Cell Cycle Entry in T Cells

Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado (A.A.F.-A., S.P.F., A.M.P., H.M., D.B., J.F.M.); AMC Cancer Center and Donald Monk Cancer Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado (A.A.F.-A., S.P.F., A.M.P., H.M., J.F.M.); Department of Pediatric Oncology, the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.B., S.J.B.); Saccomanno Research Institute, Grand Junction, Colorado (D.W., T.C.); Mannaki Whenua, Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand (D.S.L.); and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Denver, Colorado (D.B., J.F.M.)

We used primary peripheral blood T cells, a population that exists in G₀ and can be stimulated to enter the cell cycle synchronously, to define more precisely the effects of nicotine on pathways that control cell cycle entry and progression. Our data show that nicotine decreased the ability of T cells to transit through the G₀/G₁ boundary (acquire competence) and respond to progression signals. These effects were due to nuclear factor of activated T cells c2 (NFATc2)-dependent repression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) expression. Growth arrest at the G₀/G₁ boundary was further enforced by inhibition of cyclin D2 expression and by increased expression and stabilization of p27Kip1. Intriguingly, T cells from habitual users of tobacco products and from NFATc2-deficient mice constitutively expressed CDK4 and were resistant to the antiproliferative effects of nicotine. These results indicate that nicotine impairs T cell cycle entry through NFATc2-dependent mechanisms and suggest that, in the face of chronic nicotine exposure, selection may favor cells that can evade these effects. We postulate that cross talk between nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and growth factor receptor-activated pathways offers a novel mechanism by which nicotine may directly impinge on cell cycle progression. This offers insight into possible reasons that underlie the unique effects of nicotine on distinct cell types and identifies new targets that may be useful control tobacco-related diseases.

Address correspondence to: Dr. Jaime F. Modiano, AMC Cancer Center/UCHSC, 2-Diamond Building, 1600 Pierce Street, Denver, CO 80214. E-mail: modianoj{at}amc.org

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