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INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY

Gastric Tolerability and Prolonged Prostaglandin Inhibition in the Brain with a Nitric Oxide-Releasing Flurbiprofen Derivative, NCX-2216 [3-[4-(2-Fluoro--methyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-acetyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]-2-propenoic acid 4-nitrooxy butyl ester]

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (J.L.W., S.Z.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (M.N.M., G.d.N.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy (G.C.); and NicOx Research Institute, Milan, Italy (P.d.S., E.O.)

NCX-2216 [3-[4-(2-fluoro--methyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-acetyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]-2-propenoic acid 4-nitrooxy butyl ester] is an NO-releasing flurbiprofen derivative that also contains a ferulic acid (antioxidant) moiety. NCX-2216 has been shown to be effective in reducing -amyloid deposition in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The tolerability of this compound in the stomach and its ability to suppress prostaglandin synthesis in the brain are not known. The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) and ferulic acid to the pharmacological properties of NCX-2216 versus flurbiprofen; thus, we compared their gastric tolerability and suppression of prostaglandin synthesis, peripherally and centrally. Oral flurbiprofen produced extensive gastric damage and suppressed gastric prostaglandin synthesis. In contrast, while suppressing prostaglandin production, equimolar doses of NCX-2216 did not cause detectable gastric injury. The NO-releasing moiety of NCX-2216 (but not the ferulic acid moiety) was crucial for the gastric safety of this compound. NCX-2216 substantially inhibited prostanoid synthesis despite not being detectable in plasma and despite producing only low amounts of flurbiprofen in plasma and in the brain. Inhibition of brain prostaglandin synthesis by NCX-2216 (22 mg/kg) persisted for a much longer period of time (up to 48 h) than was seen with flurbiprofen (12 h). These results demonstrate that a single administration of NCX-2216 can produce prolonged suppression of brain prostaglandin synthesis without causing gastric injury. It is likely that an active metabolite of NCX-2216 contributes to the suppression of cyclooxygenase activity. NCX-2216 may represent an attractive alternative to conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for long-term treatment of a variety of inflammatory disorders, especially those occurring in the central nervous system.

Address correspondence to: Dr. John L. Wallace, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada. E-mail: wallacej{at}ucalgary.ca