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Vol. 299, Issue 2, 408-414, November 2001
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas
for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
The endogenous gonadal steroid 17
-estradiol (E2) plays
an important role in the development, maturation, and function of a
wide variety of reproductive and nonreproductive tissues, including those of the nervous system. The actions of E2 at target
tissues can be divided into 1) long-term "genomic" actions that are
mediated by intracellular estrogen receptor-induced changes in gene
expression and 2) rapid actions that modulate a diverse array of
intracellular signal transduction cascades. Environmental estrogens are
compounds present in the environment that can mimic, and in some cases
antagonize, the effects of endogenous estrogens. As a result of these
actions, there is currently much interest within the scientific
community regarding the relative benefits or threats associated with
exposure to different environmental estrogens. Within the general
public there is considerable acceptance of the benefits associated with increased use of "natural" estrogens as a component of a healthy diet and in postmenopausal women as an alternative to estrogen replacement therapies. First, this review will focus attention on the
role of estrogens in the central nervous system by briefly discussing
some of the known mechanisms through which estrogen's effects are
mediated, focusing on rapid intracellular signaling mechanisms during
neurodevelopment. Second, with the hope of bringing attention to an
area of study that until recently has received little consideration, we
will briefly discuss phytoestrogens and suggest that these compounds
have the potential to influence rapid E2-induced mechanisms
in the nervous system in ways that may result in modified brain functions.
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