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Adverse pregnancy outcome in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) after chronic caffeine exposure

SG Gilbert, DC Rice, KR Reuhl and B Stavric

Toxicology Research Division, Health and Welfare Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario.

Caffeine and the related methylxanthine theophylline are consumed regularly by pregnant women. In a study originally designed to assess the neurotoxic potential of caffeine in the infant, 40 female monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were divided into three groups and administered caffeine in their drinking water at concentrations equivalent to 0, 10 to 15 or 25 to 35 mg/kg/day of caffeine 7 days a week. After a period of adaptation to caffeine these monkeys were mated with untreated males. Reproductive failure in the form of stillbirths and miscarriages was observed in the treated groups. Subsequently, 12 control monkeys and 1 low-dose monkey were added to the study and most of the original monkeys rebred. The second round of pregnancies confirmed that the treated monkeys had an increased rate of stillbirths and miscarriages. The precise cause of death of the stillborn infants could not be determined. Maternal weight gain and infant birth weights decreased in a dose-related manner. These results indicate that in utero exposure to methylxanthines (caffeine and/or its major metabolite theophylline) adversely affects pregnancy outcome in the monkey.

Volume 245, Issue 3, pp. 1048-1053, 06/01/1988
Copyright © 1988 by American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics




This article has been cited by other articles:


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K. Wisborg, U. Kesmodel, B. H. Bech, M. Hedegaard, and T. B. Henriksen
Maternal consumption of coffee during pregnancy and stillbirth and infant death in first year of life: prospective study
BMJ, February 22, 2003; 326(7386): 420 - 420.
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B. Eskenazi, L. Fenster, S. Swan, and S. J. Samuels
Caffeine Use During Pregnancy: How Much Is Safe?
JAMA, July 7, 1993; 270(1): 47 - 47.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Copyright © 1988 by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.