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1 Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Laboratory of Clinical Science, National institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, and University of Chicago Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
The norepinephrine content of the rat pineal gland varies 3-fold during each 24-hr day. Norepinephrine levels are highest at the end of the dark period and fall during the light period. This rhythmic variation in pineal norepinephrine is abolished when animals are blinded or are kept in continuous light or darkness. It appears to be generated by nerve impulses which are initiated by photic stimulation of the retina. These impulses are carried to the brain by the inferior accessory optic tract and reach the pineal by a pathway which includes the preganglionic sympathetic trunk to the superior cervical ganglion.
Submitted on March 23, 1967
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  M. Brownstein and J. Axelrod Pineal Gland: 24-Hour Rhythm in Norepinephrine Turnover Science, April 12, 1974; 184(4133): 163 - 165. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. Axelrod Noradrenaline: Fate and Control of Its Biosynthesis Science, August 13, 1971; 173(3997): 598 - 606. [PDF]
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D. C. Klein and J. L. Weller Indole Metabolism in the Pineal Gland: A Circadian Rhythm in N-Acetyltransferase Science, September 11, 1970; 169(3950): 1093 - 1095. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 R. Y. Moore, A. Heller, R. K. Bhatnager, R. J. Wurtman, and J. Axelrod Central Control of the Pineal Gland: Visual Pathways Arch Neurol, February 1, 1968; 18(2): 208 - 218. [Abstract] [PDF]
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